Dyskrecjonalność sędziowska i stosowanie analogii w japońskiej praktyce prawnej

The Japanese legal system has been radically changed after the Meiji Restoration. Moreover, after the unconditional surrender of Japan, the American law has been partially adopted. The law sources in Japan are – first and foremost – acts, or customary law, such as trade or regional practices. A particular role in the Japanese legal system is played by precedents. The author analyses the precedent issues in the context of the judicial discretion and explains the nature of its exceptionally broad scope. Furthermore, the article examines the process related to applying analogy (per analogiam reasoning) by courts as a possible manner of law development.Japoński system prawny radykalnie zmienił się po rewolucji Meiji, a po bezwarunkowej kapitulacji – częściowo przez przyjęcie prawa amerykańskiego. Źródłami prawa w Japonii są przede wszystkim ustawy, a także prawo zwyczajowe, takie jak zwyczaje handlowe lub regionalne. Szczególną rolę w japońskim systemie prawa odgrywają precedensy. Autor analizuje problematykę precedensów w kontekście dyskrecjonalności sędziowskiej i wyjaśnia, dlaczego ma ona tak szeroki zakres. Ponadto w artykule wskazano na proces związany ze stosowaniem analogii przez sądy jako możliwy sposób rozwoju prawa

Adjuvant chemotherapy for completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer

For many years, surgery alone was the standard treatment for patients with stage I-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, recent studies have demonstrated that adjuvant chemotherapy provides a survival benefit. The first adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC was performed in the 1960s using a key drug known as cyclophosphamide. In the 1980s and early 1990s, a new anti-cancer drug, cisplatin, was developed. The first meta-analysis of this drug was conducted by the Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group in 1995. This analysis comparing surgery with surgery plus chemotherapy containing cisplatin produced a hazard ratio of 0.87 and suggested an absolute benefit of chemotherapy of 5% at 5 years;this difference was not statistically significant (p0.08). Several clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy were planned after the meta-analysis conducted in 1995, but the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy remained a matter of controversy. However, useful evidence was reported after 2003. The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Collaborative Group Trial (IALT) demonstrated a 4.1% improvement in survival for patients with stage I to III NSCLC. The JBR. 10 trial demonstrated a 15% improvement in 5-year survival for the adjuvant chemotherapy arm in stage IB or II (excluding T3N0) patients. The Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association (ANITA) trial reported that the overall survival at 5 years improved by 8.6% in the chemotherapy arm and that this survival rate was maintained at 7 years (8.4%) in stage II and IIIA patients. A meta-analysis based on collected and pooled individual patient data from the 5 largest randomized trials was conducted by the Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation (LACE). This analysis demonstrated that cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy improved survival in patients with stage II or III cancer. Alterna-tively, uracil-tegafur has been developed and tested in Japan. The Japan Lung Cancer Research Group (JLCRG) on Postsurgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy reported a 5-year overall survival advantage of 11% in the uracil-tegafur group patients with stage IB cancer. The efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy with uracil-tegafur was confirmed in a meta-analysis. In conclusion, the results of phase III trials and a meta-analysis have confirmed the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected stage IB, II, and IIIA NSCLC.</p

A Case of Mediastinal Cystic Lymphangioma

A 35-year-old Japanese manʼs routine chest radiography revealed an abnormal opacity. Chest computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a 5.5cm in dia. cystic tumor located at the left anterior mediastinum. The tumor was suspected to be an asymptomatic thymic cyst, and we chose observation for the tumor. At the 3-year follow up, the cystic tumor had gradually enlarged to 7.5cm in dia. and we thus performed a surgical resection via left video-assisted thoracic surgery. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that the cystic tumor was not a thymic cyst but rather a mediastinal cystic lymphangioma. Mediastinal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare, and they are difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Complete surgical resection is proposed for the treatment of such tumors

A Rare Case of Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Diaphragmatic Parietal Pleura with Dissemination

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare neoplasm that occurs at different sites in the body. Pleural IMT in particular is especially rare. IMTs infrequently tend to have malignancy. We report a rare case of advanced diaphragmatic parietal pleural IMT with dissemination. A 30-year-old woman complained of right upper abdominal pain. Computed tomography showed a large lobulated mass over the right diaphragm, but no disseminated nodules were noted. Intraoperatively, we found the primary tumor arising from the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and a dozen disseminated nodules, and we removed them completely. The histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis was IMT

Die "Stimmung" und die "Transzendenz" beim fruhen Heidegger

Das　Ziel　der　vorliegenden　Abhandlung　liegt　darin，　aufgrund　seines”Sein　und Zeit“（1927）und　seiner　damit　zusammenhangenden　Vortrage　so　wie　Vorlesungen 　die　Stimmungslehre　Heideggers　in　den　zwanziger　Jahren　zu　untersuchen　und dadurch　die　Originalit註t　seines　Stimmungsbegriffs　zu　er6rtern． In　den　bisherigen　Forschungen　Uber　Heideggers　Denken　ist　die　Originalittit seines　Stimmungsbegriffs，　besonders　die　der”Grundstimmungen“meist　darin gesehen　worden，　dass　diese　das　Geschehen　und　DurchfUhren　der　Philosophie selbst　betreffen，　Dabei　sind　zwei　Funktionen　wichtig，　die　die　expliziten”Grundstimmungen“ haben，　d．　h．　einmal　die　Funktion　der”Reduktion“，　dann　die　als　der Leitfaden　fUr　DurchfUhrung　der　Philosophie（”die　methodische　Bedeutung“）． Dagegen　behandeln　wir　jetzt　bezUglich　der　Eigentttmlichkeit　des　Heideggerschen Stimmungsbegriffs　einen　anderen　Weg．　Wir　beachten　ntimlich　die　charakteristische 　Bewegung　der”Stimmung“，　um　dadurch　vor　allem　wegen　der”Grundstimmungen“ solchen　Charakter　wie，，latent“，”immer　schon“，　hervorzuheben． Auf　diese　Weise　kann　die　Beziehung　zwischen　der，，Stimmung“und　der。Transzendenz“， 　die　ihrerseits　in　der　fundamentalontologischen　Phase　Heideggers ebenso　eines　der　zentralen　Probleme　ist，　klargemacht　werden　hinsichtlich　ihrer Bewegungen　und　ihres　konkreten　Gehaltes

Uber die Grundstimmung des ersten Anfangs: das Er-Staunen bei Heidegger

Martin　Heidegger　kennzeichnet　die　Stimmung　des。Er－staunens“in　seiner Konzeption　der，，Seinsgeschichte‘‘，　die　in　der　Gestalt　der　Philosophie　bei　den Griechen　ihren　Anfang　nahm，　als　die　Grundstimmung　ihres　ersten　Anfangs． Der　Zusammenhang　des．Anfangs　der　Philosophie　mit　dem　Staunen（oder　der Verwunderung）－dies　ist　ein　traditionelles　Thema　der　Philosophie．　Dieser Zusammenhang　ist　allerdings　bei　Heidegger　einzigartig．　Er　sieht　in　der Stimmung　des　Er－staunens　die　eigentUmliche　Konstellation，　die　durch。Gefesseltsein‘‘，，， ZurUcktreten“und，，Erschlagensein“bestimmt　ist，　und　welche　die menschliche　Verhaltung　der”reine　Anerkenntnis“entstehen　l証Bt．　Dank　diesem Charakter　des　Er－staunens　wurde　die。Unverborgenheit“in　ihrem　Wechelspiel mit　der”Verborgenheit“erst　erfahren　und　fUr　das　MaB　gehalten，　nach　dem allererst　entschieden　werden　kann，　was　seiend　ist．　Mittels　Erfassung　des Seienden　nach　diesem　MaB，丘ng　die　Philosophie　bei　den　Griechen　an．　Doch zugleich　wurde　wegen　der　reinen　Anerkennmis　im　Er－staunen　nach　der Unverborgenheit　selbst，　die　das　Korrelat　des　Er－staunens　ist，　nicht　gefragt，　was zum　Abfal1　vom　Anfang　fUhne