From Maunsell to Lubetzky: A journey back in search of the root of FRBR among the cataloguing codes of Anglo-American origin

IFLA's FRBR (Functional Requirement for Bibliographic Records) has been widely accepted as providing a sound conceptual model for a new generation of bibliographic records. A lot of development has taken place in the field of cataloguing with the acceptance of FRBR. Changes of terminologies and concepts in the existing cataloguing codes are under way and even new cataloguing codes are being published. Although IFLA has designed this conceptual bibliographic model very recently for the versatile bibliographic universe of 21st century, the root of FRBR can be traced far back in the cataloguing of the 16th century. This paper is a study in search of the root of the literary unit concept on which the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) has been devised. For this a thorough discussions has been made about the presence of the concept among the cataloguing codes of Anglo-American origin. The discussion starts with the 16th century code Catalogue of English Printed Books by Andrew Maunsell and carries till Lubetzky of recent times

Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of jute and bamboo fiber reinforced unidirectional epoxy composites

A detailed investigation of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of jute and bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy resin unidirectional void free composites was carried out. The composites were prepared by using vacuum technique. Scanning electron microscopic analysis, tensile and flexural testing and thermogravimetric analysis were performed in order to evaluate surface morphology, mechanical properties and thermal behavior of the unidirectional composites respectively. The relationship between theoretical and experimental values was figured out using rules of mixture. The analytical results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Comparing jute and bamboo fiber reinforced unidirectional composites, it is observed that bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites showed good results in terms of tensile strength, while jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites had higher Young\u27s modulus values. Bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites showed good flexure strength in the longitudinal distribution. On the other hand, jute fiber reinforced epoxy composited had better flexural strength with transverse fiber distribution in the composites. Fiber distribution was not uniform for both bamboo and jute fiber reinforced unidirectional epoxy composites. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that morphological changes took place depending on the fiber orientation in epoxy composites. It is also observed from thermogravimetric analysis that jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites had better thermal behavior compared to bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites

In vitro and in vivo anticancer studies of 2'-hydroxy chalcone derivatives exhibit apoptosis in colon cancer cells by HDAC inhibition and cell cycle arrest

Considering the therapeutic values of bioflavonoids in colon cancer treatment, six 2′-hydroxy chalcones (C1-C6) were synthesized, characterized and screened for in vitro cytotoxicity on human colon carcinoma (HCT116) and African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero). Only C5 showed selective cytotoxicity against HCT116 cells. Other potent cytotoxic compounds were C1, C2 and C3. Further screening included enzyme inhibition studies on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme where C1 showed lowest IC50 value (105.03 µM). Based on cytotoxicity data C1, C2 and C3 were selected for further in vitro mechanistic studies, namely apoptotic studies (Acridine or- ange/Ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and Annexin V), cell cycle analysis using propidium iodide (PI) stain and in vivo anticancer efficacy in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) induced colorectal carcinoma in Wistar rats. The com- pounds induced apoptosis in more than 30 % cells in AO/EB and Annexin V staining. They also showed cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase with PI staining. They showed a significant reduction in aberrant crypt foci formation and adenocarcinoma count along with a significant (p<0.05) reduction in TNF-α levels as compared to DMH control at 100 mg/kg dose. Thus, it can be concluded that the synthesized 2′-hydroxychalcones were effective against colon adenocarcinoma in in vitro and in vivo studies

Selected novel 5'-amino-2'-hydroxy-1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones arrest cell cycle of HCT-116 in G0/G1 phase

A series of 5’-amino-2’-hydroxy-1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones (AC1-AC15) were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 5'-acetamido-2’-hydroxy acetophenone with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and mass spectrometry and evaluated for their selective cytotoxicity using MTT assay on two cancer cell lines namely breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), colon cancer cell line (HCT-116) and one normal kidney epithelial cell line (Vero). Among the tested compounds, AC-10 showed maximum cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cell line with IC50 value 74.7 ± 3.5 μM. On HCT-116 cells, AC-13 exhibited maximum cytotoxicity with IC50 value 42.1 ± 4.0 μM followed by AC-14 and AC-10 with IC50 values 62 ± 2.3 μM and 95.4 ± 1.7 μM respectively. All tested compounds were found to be safe on Vero cell line with IC50 value more than 200 μM. Based on their highest efficacy on HCT-116, AC-10, AC-13 and AC-14 were selected for mechanistic study on this cell line by evaluating changes nucleomorphological characteristics using acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AOEB) dual stain and by analyzing cell cycle with flow cytometry using propidium iodide stain. In AOEB staining, all three tested compounds showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in percentage apoptotic nuclei compared to control cells, with highest increase in apoptotic nuclei by AC-13 treatment (31 %). Flow cytometric studies showed cell cycle arrest by AC-10 and AC-14 treatment in G0/G1 phase and by AC-13 in G0/G1 and G2/M phase. The study reflected the potential of AC-10, AC-13 and AC-14 to be the lead molecules for further optimization

Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Solanum nigrum

Oral mucositis is one of the most debilitating side effects in patient undergoing chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Leaves of the plant Solanum nigrum are used in folklore medicine to treat oral ulcers in India. However, no pharmacological investigation has been carried out till date. Aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum leaves (AESN) was prepared and subjected to various phytochemical screening. HPLC analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction was carried out. The aqueous extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) was further evaluated for its protective effect on two rat models: (a) busulfan plus infrared radiation (chemoradiotherapy) induced oral mucositis and (b) methotrexate (chemotherapy) induced oral mucositis. Various parameters including body weight change, food intake, and mortality were measured. AESN showed protective effect in both models of oral mucositis; however, the higher dose was more effective in chemotherapy induced oral mucositis. A reduction in oral mucositis score (P<0.05) was observed in the treatment groups. Significant (P<0.05) improvement in food intake was also observed in AESN treated groups. Aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum leaves has protective effect on chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy induced oral mucositis in rats

Characterization and Performance Analysis of Natural Fibres as Reinforcement in Polymer Composite

A systematic study has been carried out in the current study to investigate the mechanical (tensile strength, Young’s modulus and strain to failure) and physical properties (SEM, FTIR and TGA) of jute, bamboo and coir (brown and white) single fibres. Subsequently, unidirectional as well as woven fabric composites were manufactured and tensile, flexure (longitudinal and transversal both directions were conducted for unidirectional [UD] composites) and impact properties of the composites were determined. Void free composite have been made by using vacuum technique in case of unidirectional composites. On the other hand, Hot press and Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) processes were conducted to fabricate woven jute fabric composites. Water absorption tests were also carried out in this study for woven jute fabrics composites using various fibre volume fractions and polymers. The tensile properties (tensile strength, Young’s modulus and strain to failure) were determined by varying span length in case of single fibres. Tensile properties were carried out for woven jute fabric composites before and after water absorption test. Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), Fourier Transformation Infra Red (FT-IR) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were also carried out to determine the physical properties of fibres in order to correlate with their strength; Young’s modulus and strain to failure and physical properties were observed in terms of composites. The study has revealed that with increasing test span length of single fibres, Young’s modulus increases and tensile strength as well as strain to failure decreases. This is because no extensometer could be used in this test set-up and machine displacement (denoted by α) is used for the modulus determination. It is also attributed that larger span length helps to minimize the machine displacement compared to smaller ones. At longer span lengths, the relative effect of slippage in the clamps is smaller. The Young’s modulus and strain to failure were corrected by using newly developed equations. Among all fibres, bamboo fibres had the highest Young’s modulus values. Jute fibre had smoother surface and good thermal properties (burnt at ≈ 2560C) compared to other three examined fibres. In case of UD composites, analytical results showed good agreement with theoretical values. In comparison between jute and bamboo fibre UD composites, it is observed that bamboo fibre showed better results in terms of tensile strength and jute fibre showed better values in terms of Young’s modulus. Bamboo fibre showed superior flexure strength with longitudinal distribution while jute fibre composite showed the good results in strength with transverse fibre distribution. Fibre distribution was not aligned uniformly for both bamboo and jute fibre in UD composites and in case of jute fibre composites some fibre have broken during processing. Composite containing higher percentages of fibre showed good tensile and impact behaviour. 4 ply shows better flexural properties for both polyester and polyvinylchloride (PVC) composite. Both tensile and flexural properties decreased after water absorption. It is observed from the SEM image that fibre at first debonded during loading tensile force and then fibre pulled out from the composite. Jute/Polyester composites showed better flexural properties. Tendency of resistance to water absorption of polyvinylchloride composite was higher than that of polyester composites because of its interfacial bonding. SEM images suggested that there is a good interlocking between jute and polyester composite compare to jute-PVC composite interlocking

From Maunsell to Lubetzky: A journey back in search of the root of FRBR among the cataloguing codes of Anglo-American origin

7-14IFLA's FRBR (Functional Requirement for Bibliographic Records) has been widely accepted as providing a sound conceptual model for a new generation of bibliographic records. A lot of development has taken place in the field of cataloguing with the acceptance of FRBR. Changes of terminologies and concepts in the existing cataloguing codes are under way and even new cataloguing codes are being published. Although IFLA has designed this conceptual bibliographic model very recently for the versatile bibliographic universe of 21st century, the root of FRBR can be traced far back in the cataloguing of the 16th century. This paper is a study in search of the root of the literary unit concept on which the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) has been devised. For this a thorough discussions has been made about the presence of the concept among the cataloguing codes of Anglo-American origin. The discussion starts with the 16th century code Catalogue of English Printed Books by Andrew Maunsell and carries till Lubetzky of recent times