ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO GROUNDWATER AND ITS EVALUATION OF HYDROCHEMICAL SUITABILITY FOR DRINKING AND IRRIGATION PURPOSE IN THE GOKPINAR DAM BASIN, DENIZLI - TURKEY

This study aims to evaluate the hydrochemical properties of groundwater in the Gokpinar Dam basin and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The dam was built primarily to provide irrigation water for agricultural land downstream. On the other hand, groundwater upstream of the dam is both a vital resource for all the needs of the rural people, as well as providing water for the reservoir and all surrounding springs. The basin is under the pressure of anthropogenic potential pollutants such as agriculture, highway, industry, sewage, domestic wastewater, trout and horse farms. The groundwater samples collected from water wells the basin were analyzed in accordance with standard test procedures for the main quality parameters. The dominant hydrochemical facies of groundwater is the Ca2+ - Mg2+ - HCO3- type. In all samples, alkaline earth metals (Ca2+, Mg2+) and weak acid (CO32-, HCO3-) dominates over the alkalies (Na+, K+) and strong acid (Cl-, SO42-). All of the groundwater samples fall in the rock dominance field. The major reactions contributing to the groundwater chemistry are dissolutions of calcite and dolomite. The trace elements, nitrate and nitrite concentration of all samples fulfill the drinking water standards. Despite potential threats in the basin, the results of the hydrogeochemical assessments have shown that groundwater can be safely used for drinking and irrigation for now. However, it is clear that the pressure on groundwater resources in the basin will increase rapidly due to the increasing water demand and climate change

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Spring Waters for Irrigation, Gokpinar Basin Case, Denizli, Turkey

In this study, a detailed hydrochemical evaluation has been made to determine the chemical processes of spring waters and their suitability for irrigation. The study area consists of a drainage basin of the Gokpinar dam and has fertile soils for irrigable agriculture. During the period of August 2017 and October 2018, regular samples were collected monthly from 10 spring and 140 samples in total were subjected to hydrochemical analysis. For this purpose, 11 hydrochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TH, Na%, SAR, MR, RSC, RSBC, USSL, and Wilcox were used. GIS-based spatial mapping of the hydrogeochemical parameters has been prepared using ArcGIS. The major hydrogeochemical facies of waters are Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3- water type. Alkaline earth metals (Ca2+, Mg2+) and weak acid (CO32-, HCO3-) dominates over the alkalies (Na+, K+) and strong acid (Cl-, SO42-) in all spring waters, respectively. Since the limit values of TDS in the samples are between 367 and 681 mgL(-1), the class of all samples is freshwater. The average Na% is between 1.29 and 9.28, and EC values are between 402 and 691 mu Scm(-1). For irrigation purposes, all spring waters fall within the category of excellent to good in the Wilcox (1955) diagram, based on the Na% and EC. Average SAR values in the range of 0.07-0.16 meqL(-1) indicate that spring water samples are excellent for irrigation purposes

Geophysical surveys in engineering geology investigations with field examples

This chapter focusses on geophysical survey techniques, employed in engineering geological investigations and it includes case studies. Goal of a geophysical study in an engineering geological research is to display discontinuities in the rock masses, physico-mechanical properties of soils and rocks, groundwater exploration, faults, landslides, etc. It is also helpful to learn type and thickness of soil, layer inclination. These techniques include engineering geological surface mapping, geotechnical drilling and in situ testing. Then the obtained geophysical field data are analyzed and interpreted in conjunction with the results of geological information.The most common geophysical methods namely seismic, magnetometric, vertical electrical sounding (VES), Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetics methods, ground penetration radar (GPR) provide sufficient information about the subsurface although they have their limitations, setting up the minimum tests requirements in relation to the type of the geological formations. © 2018 by IGI Global. All rights reserved

Geophysical surveys in engineering geology investigations with field examples

This chapter focusses on geophysical survey techniques, employed in engineering geological investigations and it includes case studies. Goal of a geophysical study in an engineering geological research is to display discontinuities in the rock masses, physico-mechanical properties of soils and rocks, groundwater exploration, faults, landslides, etc. It is also helpful to learn type and thickness of soil, layer inclination. These techniques include engineering geological surface mapping, geotechnical drilling and in situ testing. Then the obtained geophysical field data are analyzed and interpreted in conjunction with the results of geological information.The most common geophysical methods namely seismic, magnetometric, vertical electrical sounding (VES), Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetics methods, ground penetration radar (GPR) provide sufficient information about the subsurface although they have their limitations, setting up the minimum tests requirements in relation to the type of the geological formations. © 2018 by IGI Global. All rights reserved

Photoinduced reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate using camphorquinone/benzhydrol system

A versatile initiating system composed of camphorquinone/benzhydrol and (CuBr2)-Br-II/N,N,N ',N '',N ''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine for photoinduced reverse atom transfer radical polymerization has been developed. The control experiments, where each component is eliminated in the reaction, serve as a direct verification of the mechanism. There is poor or no control over the polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the absence of either camphorquinone or benzhydrol. The experimental molecular weights are considerably higher than theoretical values and the obtained polymers show slightly broad molecular weight distributions ranging from 1.13 to 1.51 in the process. Although at relatively lower polymerization rates, the addition of an alkyl halide to the system leads to a better control of the polymerization as reflected by the improved molecular weight distribution and chain-end functionality. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industr

Synthesis of block copolymers by selective H-abstraction and radical coupling reactions using benzophenone/benzhydrol photoinitiating system

Block copolymers were synthesized by a simple photochemical strategy based on selective H-abstraction and radical coupling reactions of ketyl macroradicals. Benzophenone (BP) and benzhydrol (Bzh) end functional polymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using functional initiators. Subsequently, the resulting end functional polymers were mixed in 1:1 M ratio and irradiated to form ketyl radicals by hydrogen abstraction of the excited BP moieties from Bzh moieties. The influence of various experimental parameters on the polymerization such as type of polymers and solvents were examined. H-1 NMR, UV and GPC measurements clearly pointed out an efficient photoinduced end coupling reaction between ketyl radicals. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Visible Light-Induced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Macromolecular Syntheses

Visible light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of vinyl monomers are examined by using various photocatalysts systems including Type I and Type II photoinitiators, dyes, dimanganese decacarbonyl and semiconducting photocatalysts. The influence of various experimental parameters on the polymerization such as type of light sources and photocatalyts, and concentration of metal catalysts are also investigated. Although there currently exist only a few examples, the visible light initiation can be applied to the ATRP process providing a mild and efficient method for the in situ generation of Cu(I) activator