From old wars to new wars and global terrorism

Even before 9/11 there were claims that the nature of war had changed fundamentally. The 9/11 attacks created an urgent need to understand contemporary wars and their relationship to older conventional and terrorist wars, both of which exhibit remarkable regularities. The frequency-intensity distribution of fatalities in "old wars", 1816-1980, is a power-law with exponent 1.80. Global terrorist attacks, 1968-present, also follow a power-law with exponent 1.71 for G7 countries and 2.5 for non-G7 countries. Here we analyze two ongoing, high-profile wars on opposite sides of the globe - Colombia and Iraq. Our analysis uses our own unique dataset for killings and injuries in Colombia, plus publicly available data for civilians killed in Iraq. We show strong evidence for power-law behavior within each war. Despite substantial differences in contexts and data coverage, the power-law coefficients for both wars are tending toward 2.5, which is a value characteristic of non-G7 terrorism as opposed to old wars. We propose a plausible yet analytically-solvable model of modern insurgent warfare, which can explain these observations.Comment: For more information, please contact [email protected] or [email protected]

La evaluaci?n formativa como herramienta para contribuir en el proceso de ense?anza aprendizaje de la resoluci?n de problemas matem?ticos que implican el uso del teorema de Thales en el grado d?cimo de la Instituci?n Educativa T?cnica la Vega de los Padres del Municipio de Coello Tolima

102 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEn este proyecto se concibe la evaluaci?n como parte integral de proceso, por lo tanto, las explicaciones del docente, los trabajos en clase, la participaci?n de los estudiantes. entre otras, son muchas de las diferentes estrategias en las cuales se puede apoyar el docente al momento de evaluar, para esto es indispensable que el estudiante tenga una buena disposici?n para aprender y de esta manera se logren alcanzar los objetivos planteados al inicio de dicho proceso. Bajo una concepci?n de evaluaci?n formativa se tiene como finalidad fundamental identificar los m?todos que permitan fortalecer el proceso de ense?anza aprendizaje. Tambi?n, con este proyecto se busca caracterizar y analizar las concepciones y practicas evaluativas en los procesos de aprendizaje en el ?rea de matem?ticas en estudiantes del grado d?cimo de la Instituci?n Educativa T?cnica la vega de los Padres, para finalmente proponer una unidad did?ctica que permita explorar el concepto de evaluaci?n formativa en el ?rea de matem?ticas al implementar este tipo de evaluaci?n. Palabras Claves: proceso ense?anza aprendizaje, evaluaci?n educativa y evaluaci?n formativa.In this project the evaluation is conceived as an integral part of the process, therefore, the explanations of the teacher, the works in class, the participation of the students. among others, there are many of the different strategies on which the teacher can be supported at the time of evaluation, for this it is essential that the student has a good disposition to learn and in this way they achieve the objectives set at the beginning of said process . Under a conception of formative evaluation has as its fundamental purpose to identify the methods that allow to strengthen the teaching-learning process. Also, this project seeks to characterize and analyze the conceptions and evaluative practices in the learning processes in the area of mathematics in students of the tenth grade of the Technical Educational Institution the Vega de los Padres, to finally propose a didactic unit that allows to explore the concept of formative evaluation in the area of mathematics when implementing this type of evaluation. Keywords: teaching-learning process, educational evaluation and formative evaluation

Understanding Japanese consumer behaviour and cultural relevance of gift giving

This study examines the consumer in the Japanese market and the importance of gift-giving in Japanese culture as a first-order social practice. Cultural connectedness and relevance represents an area of importance for the marketing of retail products, particularly related to gift-giving. The interviewing of 25 participants was used to study the Japanese consumer and their purchase behaviours for gift-giving. The exploration of the social, cultural and economic constructs in Japan shows specific patterns found which are unique to the Japanese consumer. The emergence of new categories of consumers appearing in Japan through globalization and shifting mindsets influenced by western culture, as well as recent social and economic conditions, contribute to the evolution of the business market

Quantum correlations versus Multisimultaneity: an experimental test

Multisimultaneity is a causal model of relativistic quantum physics which assigns a real time ordering to any set of events, much in the spirit of the pilot-wave picture. Contrary to standard quantum mechanics, it predicts a disappearance of the correlations in a Bell-type experiment when both analysers are in relative motion such that, each one in its own inertial reference frame, is first to select the output of the photons. We tested this prediction using acousto-optic modulators as moving beam-splitters and interferometers separated by 55 m. We didn't observe any disappearance of the correlations, thus refuting Multisimultaneity.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, RevTex 4 versio

Kvantno-elektrodinamičke pospravke za polarizirano Møllerovo raspršenje

Principal contributions to QED radiative effects for Moller scattering of polarized particles are investigated. Explicit formulae for the cross section of radiative effects are given in covariant form. A FORTRAN code based on exact expressions for radiative corrections to cross section was used to calculate the results. Detailed numerical analysis for cross sections as well as for polarization asymmetries is given.Istražuju se glavni doprinosi kvantno-elektrodinamičkih popravaka za Møllerovo raspršenje polariziranih čestica. Izlažu se podrobni ishodi računa za udarne presjeke i polarizacijske asimetrije

Kvantno-elektrodinamičke pospravke za polarizirano Møllerovo raspršenje

Principal contributions to QED radiative effects for Moller scattering of polarized particles are investigated. Explicit formulae for the cross section of radiative effects are given in covariant form. A FORTRAN code based on exact expressions for radiative corrections to cross section was used to calculate the results. Detailed numerical analysis for cross sections as well as for polarization asymmetries is given.Istražuju se glavni doprinosi kvantno-elektrodinamičkih popravaka za Møllerovo raspršenje polariziranih čestica. Izlažu se podrobni ishodi računa za udarne presjeke i polarizacijske asimetrije