The Out-Front Western Region: An Overview

This report is part of a series of 21 state and regional studies examining the rollout of the ACA. The national network ---- with 36 states and 61 researchers ---- is led by the Rockefeller Institute of Government, the public policy research arm of the State University of New York, the Brookings Institution, and the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania.This first "Special Analysis Report" focuses on the Western region, which has the largest number of states -- six out of thirteen -- that are affirmatively implementing the Affordable Care Act. That is, they have state-administered health insurance exchanges and have expanded Medicaid as authorized under the law. Altogether, there are eleven states in the Western region of the contiguous states, and nine of them are in our sample. This report describes the policy setting and goal alignment of all nine Western sample states, with emphasis on five states -- California, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, and Nevada -- that are clearly out front as ACA-affirming states. New Mexico is also an affirming ACA state, although its exchange will not be state run until 2014. Arizona and Idaho occupy an "In-Between" category; that is, in between affirming and oppositional. Arizona rejected the state-run exchange option but accepted Medicaid expansion. Idaho so far has done the opposite, accepting the state-run exchange option while tabling Medicaid expansion. Utah is the one fully oppositional state in our sample, choosing in 2013 not to run its exchange or expand Medicaid

Value Types in Eiffel

Identifies a number of problems with Eiffel's expanded types in modelling value types, and proposes a backward compatible syntactic extension, and a modified semantics. The latter is also shown to be (effectively) backward compatible, in the sense that existing programs would run unaffected if compilers implemented the new semantics. The benefits of the approach are discussed, including an elegant approach to rebuilding data structure libraries

Reasoning with Spider Diagrams

Spider diagrams combine and extend Venn diagrams and Euler circles to express constraints on sets and their relationships with other sets. These diagrams can usefully be used in conjunction with object-oriented modelling notations such as the Unified Modelling Language. This paper summarises the main syntax and semantics of spider diagrams and introduces four inference rules for reasoning with spider diagrams and a rule governing the equivalence of Venn and Euler forms of spider diagrams. This paper also details rules for combining two spider diagrams to produce a single diagram which retains as much of their combined semantic information as possible and discusses disjunctive diagrams as one possible way of enriching the system in order to combine spider diagrams so that no semantic information is lost

Arizona: Round 1 - State-Level Field Network Study of the Implementation of the Affordable Care Act

This report is part of a series of 21 state and regional studies examining the rollout of the ACA. The national network -- with 36 states and 61 researchers -- is led by the Rockefeller Institute of Government, the public policy research arm of the State University of New York, the Brookings Institution, and the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania.A number of decisions helped set the stage for Arizona's implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). These decisions and the dynamics that led to them reflect a complex mix of intergovernmental political calculation and pragmatic public policy, past and present, which frame the state's capacity for implementing ACA in Arizona

Consideration of landscape in the framework documentation during the evolution of the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) in the Republic of Ireland.

working paperThis paper looks at the changing concept of landscape during the evolution of REPS. It reviews and groups definitions of landscape and identifies their agri-environmental relevance. Descriptions were devised to amplify each grouping with reference to an Irish context and were used as an analytical framework to categorise each landscape reference in REPS documentation. There was an increase in the use of the term landscape with each version of the scheme and expansion in the range of different landscape categories to which this apparently applied. However there has been no coherence in its use. This paper makes recommendations to improve the framework for the treatment of landscape issues in REPS and its future evolution

Housing risk and return: Evidence from a housing asset-pricing model

This paper investigates the risk-return relationship in determination of housing asset pricing. In so doing, the paper evaluates behavioral hypotheses advanced by Case and Shiller (1988, 2002, 2009) in studies of boom and post-boom housing markets. The paper specifies and tests a multi-factor housing asset pricing model. In that model, we evaluate whether the market factor as well as other measures of risk, including idiosyncratic risk, momentum, and MSA size effects, have explanatory power for metropolitan-specific housing returns. Further, we test the robustness of the asset pricing results to inclusion of controls for socioeconomic variables commonly represented in the house price literature, including changes in employment, affordability, and foreclosure incidence. We find a sizable and statistically significant influence of the market factor on MSA house price returns. Moreover we show that market betas have varied substantially over time. Also, results are largely robust to the inclusion of other explanatory variables, including standard measures of risk and other housing market fundamentals. Additional tests of model validity using the Fama-MacBeth framework offer further strong support of a positive risk and return relationship in housing. Our findings are supportive of the application of a housing investment risk-return framework in explanation of variation in metro-area cross-section and time-series US house price returns. Further, results strongly corroborate Case-Shiller survey research indicating the importance of speculative forces in the determination of U.S. housing returns

Interpreting the Object Constraint Language

The Object Constraint Language (OCL), which forms part of the UML 1.1. set of modelling notations is a precise, textual language for expressing constraints that cannot be shown in the standard diagrammatic notation used in UML. A semantics for OCL lays the foundation for building CASE tools that support integrity checking of the whole UML models, not just the component expressed using OCL. This paper provides a semantics for OCL, at the same time providing a semantics for classes, associations, attributes and states