L'influence du concept de source - une analyse contrastive des extensions et des restrictions sémantiques du verbe "monter"

Une analyse de plus de 2000 verbes de la banque de données de Dubois & Dubois-Charlier (1997) a révélé que la polysémie synchronique se fonde sur les articulations de la conceptualisation des grands ordres cognitifs avec pour centre l'être humain, son environnement et les instruments qu'il utilise. Étant donné que la complexité de ce modèle et de la hiérarchie des concepts de source ne peut pas être illustrée dans sa totalité au cours de cet article, nous esquisserons les relations complexes entre un concept de source précis et les interprétations qui en résultent en nous concentrant sur le verbe français monter.An analysis of over 2000 French verbs extracted out of the data base Dubois & Dubois-Charlier (1997) revealed that the majority of verbs can be traced back to a small number of dominant source domains, which are situated within broader cognitive orders (with the human being in its center). These source domains contain multiple individual subcategories and shared parameters. Given the fact that the complexity of this model with its different hierarchical levels cannot be illustrated in its totality, the semantic network between different source domains and their possible target domains will be illustrated with the help of the French verb monter

Effects of Electronic Markets on Negotiation Processes

Negotiation can be regarded as playing a game with certain rules. If the rules change, the game has to be played differently. Compared to traditional markets, electronic markets can have fundamentally different characteristics such as cost structure or the level of transparency. These differences have already stimulated the tremendous success of one breed of electronic market negotiations: auctions. But auctions offer only limited support for the negotiations that will be necessary in more differentiated markets for complex goods and services. This paper relates the implications of specific electronic market characteristics to the effectiveness of major types of negotiations. The analysis reveals why bidding protocols currently dominate bargaining protocols and suggests that future negotiation support beyond auctions should be based on integrative multilateral protocols

A multi-scale imaging approach to understand osteoarthritis development

X-ray phase-contrast imaging is an innovative and advanced imaging method. Contrary to conventional radiology, where the image contrast is primarily determined by X-ray attenuation, phase-contrast images contain additional information generated by the phase shifts or refraction of the X-rays passing through matter. The refractive effect on tissue samples is orders of magnitude higher than the absorption effect in the X-ray energy range used in biomedical imaging. This technique makes it possible to produce excellent and enhanced image contrast, particularly when examining soft biological tissues or features with similar X-ray attenuation properties. In combination with high spatial resolution detector technology and computer tomography, X-ray phase-contrast imaging has been proved to be a powerful method to examine tissue morphology and the evolution of pathologies three-dimensionally, with great detail and without the need of contrast agents. This Thesis work has focused on developing an accurate, multi-scale X-ray-based methodology for imaging and characterizing the early stages of osteoarthritis. X-ray phase-contrast images acquired at different spatial resolutions provide unprecedented insights into cartilage and the development of its degeneration, i.e., osteoarthritis. Other types of X-ray phase-contrast imaging techniques and setups using spatial resolutions ranging from micrometer down to nanometer were applied. Lower spatial resolutions allow large sample coverage and comprehensive representations, while the nanoscale analysis provides a precise depiction of anatomical details and pathological signs. X-ray phase-contrast results are correlated to data obtained, on the same specimens, by standard laboratory methods, such as histology and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, X-ray phase-contrast images of cartilage were acquired using different X-ray sources and results were compared in terms of image quality. It was shown that with the use of synchrotron radiation, more detailed images and much faster data acquisitions could be achieved. A second focus in this Thesis work has been the investigation of the reaction of healthy and degenerated cartilage under different physical pressures, simulating the different levels of stress to which the tissue is subject during daily movements. A specifically designed setup was used to dynamically study cartilage response to varying pressures with X-ray phase-contrast micro-computed tomography, and a fully volumetric and quantitative methodology to accurately describe the tissue morphological variations. This study revealed changes in the behavior of the cartilage cell structure, which differ between normal and osteoarthritic cartilage tissues. The third focus of this Thesis is the realization of an automated evaluation procedure for the discrimination of healthy and cartilage images with osteoarthritis. In recent years, developments in neural networks have shown that they are excellently suited for image classification tasks. The transfer learning method was applied, in which a pre-trained neural network with cartilage images is further trained and then used for classification. This enables a fast, robust and automated grouping of images with pathological findings. A neural network constructed in this way could be used as a supporting instrument in pathology. X-ray phase-contrast imaging computed tomography can provide a powerful tool for a fully 3D, highly accurate and quantitative depiction and characterization of healthy and early stage-osteoarthritic cartilage, supporting the understanding of the development of osteoarthritis.Röntgen-Phasenkontrast-Bildgebung ist eine innovative und weiterführende Bildgebungsmethode. Im Gegensatz zu herkömlichen Absorptions-Röntgenaufnahmen, wie sie in der Radiologie verwendet werden, wird der Kontrast bei dieser Methode aus dem Effekt der Phasenverschiebung oder auch Brechung der Röngtenstrahlen gebildet. Der Brechungseffekt bei Gewebeproben ist um ein Vielfaches höher als der Absorptionseffekt des elektromagnetischen Spektrums der Röntgenstrahlen. Diese Methode ermöglicht die Darstellung von großen Kontraste im Gewebe. Unter Verwendung eines hochauflösenden Detektors und in Kombination mit der Computer-Tomographie, ist Phasenkontrast-Bildgebung eine sehr gute Methode um Knorpelgewebe und Arthrose im Knorpel zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit beschreibt primär ein Verfahren zur Darstellung arthrotischen Knorpels im Anfangsstadium. Die mit verschiedenen Auflösungen und 3D-Phasen-Kontrast-Methoden produzierten Aufnahmen ermöglichen einen noch nie dagewesenen Einblick in den Knorpel und die Entwicklung von Arthrose im Anfangsstadium. Hierbei kam die propagationsbasierte Phasenkontrastmethode mit einer Auflösung im mikrometer Bereich und die (Nano)-Holotomographie-Methode mit einer Auflösung im Submicrometer Bereich zum Einsatz. Durch Auflösung im mikrometer Bereich kann ein großes Volumen im Knorpel gescannt werden, während die Nano-Holotomographie Methode eine sehr große Detailauflösung aufweißt. Die Phasenkontrast-Aufnahmen werden mit zwei anderen wissenschaftlichen Methoden verglichen: mikroskopische Abbildungen histologisch aufgearbeiteter Knorpelproben und Aufnahmen eines Transmissionselektroskop zeigen sehr große Übereinstimmungen zur Röntgen-Phasenkontrast-Bildgebung. Desweiteren wurden Phasenkontrast-Aufnahmen von Knorpel aus unterschiedlichen Röntgenquellen verglichen. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass mit Hilfe des Teilchenbeschleunigers (Synchrotron) detailreichere und schnellere Aufnahmen erzielt werden können. Bilder aus Flüssig-Metall-Quellen zeigen sich durchaus von guter Qualität, erfordern jedoch sehr lange Aufnahmezeiten. In dieser Arbeit wird zudem das Verhalten von Knorpelgewebe, welches ein Anfangsstadium von Arthrose aufweist, unter physikalischem Druck untersucht. Hierfür wurden 3D-Computertomographie-Aufnahmen von komprimiertem Knorpelgewebe angefertig und mit Aufnahmen ohne Komprimierung verglichen. Ein quantitativer Vergleich machte Veränderungen des Verhaltens der Knorpelzellstruktur (Chondronen) sichtbar. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Chondrone bei arthrotischem Knorpel ein verändertes Kompressionsverhalten haben. Der dritte Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt auf der automatisierten Auswertung von Aufnahmen gesunden und arthrotischen Knorpelgewebes. Die Entwicklungen im Bereich der Neuronale Netze zeigten in den letzten Jahren, dass diese sich hervoragend für Bildklassifizierungsaufgaben eignen. Es wurde die Methode des transferierenden Lernens angewandt, bei der ein vortrainiertes Neuronales Netz mit Knorpelbildern weitertrainiert und anschließend zur Klassifizierung eingesetzt wird. Dadurch ist eine schnelle, robuste und automatisierte Gruppierung von Bildern mit pathologischen Befunden möglich. Ein derart konstruiertes Neuronales Netz könnte als unterstützendes Instrument in der Pathologie angewandt werden. Röntgen-Phasenkontrast-CT kann ein leistungsstarkes Werkzeug für eine umfassende, hochpräzise und quantitative 3D-Darstellung und Charakterisierung von gesundem Knorpel und athrotischem Knorpel im Frühstadium bieten, um das Verständnis der Entwicklung von Osteoarthritis zu erweitern

Analyzing the Competitive Performance of the South African Wine Industry

South African wine industry, competitive performance and competitive space, relative trade advantage (RTA), wine executive surveys, Porter Diamond., Agribusiness, Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade,

Resource Extraction Contracts Under Threat of Expropriation: Theory and Evidence

We use fiscal data on 2,468 oil extraction agreements in 38 countries to study tax contracts between resource-rich countries and independent oil companies. We analyze why expropriations occur and what determines the degree of oil price exposure of host countries. With asymmetric information about a country\u27s expropriation cost, even optimal contracts feature expropriations. Near linearity in the oil price of real-world hydrocarbon contracts also helps to explain expropriations. We show theoretically and verify empirically that oil price insurance provided by tax contracts is increasing in a country\u27s cost of expropriation and decreasing in its production expertise. The timing of actual expropriations is consistent with our model

Father-Daughter Incest: Data from an Anonymous Computerized Survey

Retrospective data were entered anonymously by 1,521 adult women using computer-assisted self-interview. Nineteen were classified as victims of father–daughter incest, and 241 were classified as victims of sexual abuse by an adult other than their father before reaching 18 years of age. The remaining 1,261 served as controls. Incest victims were more likely than controls to endorse feeling damaged, psychologically injured, estranged from one or both parents, and shamed by others when they tried to open up about their experience. They had been eroticized early on by the incest experience, and it interfered with their adult sexuality. Incest victims experienced coitus earlier than controls and after reaching age 18 had more sex partners and were more likely to have casual sex outside their primary relationship and engage in sex for money than controls. They also had worse scores on scales measuring depression, sexual satisfaction, and communication about sex than controls

Formfinding and statical analysis of cable nets with flexible covers

Nowadays cable nets are built as roofs, enclosures for animals in zoos, facades, safety barriers in buildings, etc. Some of the advantages are high resistance against damage and high transparency. In the first part of this this paper the problems of the cable net calculation are described. The key problem is the generation of the assembly plan. This procedure is according to the cutting pattern generation process. In case of cable nets we have to create as big as possible fields. The reason for this purpose is the boundary patterning, this means: the patterns are restricted to the region along the boundary cables and equidistant rectangular meshes remain in the inner part of the fields. The calculation of the formfinding and the statical analysis of equidistant rectangular nets will be pointed out step by step. We also show the specific characteristic of small sized 60°-degree cable nets, produced e. g. by the German company Carl Stahl. This kind of cable net is characterized by a high flexibility and the adaptability to free forms. By the so called S-twist in the cable pieces between the clamps we have to consider special statical properties. The usage of physical nonlinear material laws and the node stiffness caused by the clamps will be explained. As opposed to the calculation of cable nets we have to consider additional material properties as shear- and crimp- stiffness for membranes and foils. The cutting pattern generation can be performed here as usual with surface seams. The disadvantage of cable nets is that an additional cover is needed if the usage requires a weather protection. In the last chapter we will show the calculation of the composite material cable net – membrane cover

The role of livestock in developing communities: Enhancing multifunctionality

This book is the product of a Satellite Symposium on the Role of Livestock in Developing Communities: Enhancing Multifunctionality, held as part of the 10th World Conference on Animal Production (WCAP) in Cape Town, 22 – 28 November 2008. The Symposium, jointly organised by the University of the Free State (UFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) aimed to stimulate critical thinking on the role of livestock in livelihood strategies for the poor in the developing world as a contribution to address the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The livestock sector in developing countries contributes more than 33% to agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and is one of the fastest growing agricultural subsectors. The livestock sector has been experiencing what has been coined the “Livestock Revolution”. Population growth, urbanisation, and most importantly, increasing income have resulted in a rapid increase in demand for livestock products, which is likely to continue well into the future. This growth of the livestock sector presents both enormous opportunities and challenges. This book therefore comes at an opportune time for both policy makers and practitioners in developing countries, and the international community. Livestock is a major contributor to food and nutritional security, and serves as an important source of livelihood for nearly 1 billion poor people in developing countries. Its importance in attaining the MDGs should therefore not be underestimated. The book aims to provide critical information and knowledge on the importance of livestock in the global effort to alleviate poverty and promote human health. It describes and evaluates case studies, examines theoretical frameworks, and discusses key global policy development issues, challenges and constraints related to smallholder livestock-production systems around the globe. The book is written for academic professionals, industry experts, government officials and other scholars interested in the facts and issues concerning the contribution of livestock to the social and economic progress of developing countries