Cetosis en rebaños lecheros: presentación y control

Economic losses in dairy herds due to metabolic disorders are associated with inadequate management during the transition period, leading to health problems that decrease milk production, efficiency and animal welfare. Failures in metabolic adaptation mechanisms during the transition period and early lactation are directly associated with high rates of lipid mobilization, resulting in metabolic diseases such as ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic disease affecting high-production dairy cows and is associated with negative energy balance. It is classified in two types: type I hypoglycaemic-hypoinsulinemic and type II hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic. Both can be controlled and prevented through management strategies, diet and additives during different stages of lactation. The lack of accurate diagnosis and prevention of metabolic diseases leads to lost productivity stemming from high rates of disease, low reproductive rates, increased use of human resources, and treatment and premature culling of animals in dairy herds. This paper aims to review the general aspects of the occurrence of ketosis along with prevention strategies in dairy herds.Las pérdidas económicas de los sistemas lecheros debidas a desbalances metabólicos están relacionadas con un inadecuado manejo en el periodo de transición, predisponiendo a la presentación de trastornos de salud que se reflejan en pérdidas en la producción de leche, eficiencia productiva y bienestar animal. Las fallas en los mecanismos de adaptación metabólica en el periodo de transición y lactancia temprana están directamente asociadas con las altas tasas de movilización de lípidos, que predisponen la presentación de cetosis. La cetosis es una enfermedad metabólica que afecta a las vacas lecheras de alta producción láctea, asociada con el balance energético negativo. La cetosis se clasifica en dos tipos, según los trastornos metabólicos que las caracterizan: tipo I hipoglucémica-hipoinsulinémica, y tipo II híperglucémica-hiperinsulinémica; ambos tipos pueden ser controlados y prevenidos por medio de estrategias de manejo, dieta y aditivos durante diferentes etapas de la lactancia. La falta de diagnóstico y de prevención del balance energético negativo y de la cetosis genera pérdidas productivas por la alta presentación de enfermedades, bajas tasas reproductivas, recurso humano, tratamiento y descarte precoz de animales en el rebaño. El presente documento tiene como objetivo revisar los aspectos generales de la presentación de cetosis y las estrategias de control en rebaños lecheros

The contribution of hormone sensitive lipase to adipose tissue lipolysis and its regulation by insulin in periparturient dairy cows

Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) activation is part of the metabolic adaptations to the negative energy balance common to the mammalian periparturient period. This study determined HSL contribution to adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis and how insulin regulates its activity in periparturient dairy cows. Subcutaneous AT (SCAT) samples were collected at 11 d prepartum (dry) and 11 (fresh) and 24 d (lactation) postpartum. Basal and stimulated lipolysis (ISO) responses were determined using explant cultures. HSL contribution to lipolysis was assessed using an HSL inhibitor (CAY). Basal lipolysis was higher in SCAT at dry compared with fresh. CAY inhibited basal lipolysis negligibly at dry, but at fresh and lactation it reduced basal lipolysis by 36.1 +/- 4.51% and 43.1 +/- 4.83%, respectively. Insulin inhibited lipolysis more pronouncedly in dry compared to fresh. Results demonstrate that HSL contribution to basal lipolysis is negligible prepartum. However, HSL is a major driver of SCAT lipolytic responses postpartum. Lower basal lipolysis postpartum suggests that reduced lipogenesis is an important contributor to fatty acid release from SCAT. Loss of adipocyte sensitivity to the antilipolytic action of insulin develops in the early lactation period and supports a state of insulin resistance in AT of cows during the first month postpartum

Modulating adipose tissue lipolysis and remodeling to improve immune function during the transition period and early lactation of dairy cows

Despite major advances in our understanding of transition and early lactation cow physiology and the use of advanced dietary, medical, and management tools, at least half of early lactation cows are reported to develop disease and over half of cow deaths occur during the first week of lactation. Excessive lipolysis, usually measured as plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), is a major risk factor for the development of displaced abomasum, ketosis, fatty liver, and metritis, and may also lead to poor lactation performance. Lipolysis triggers adipose tissue (AT) remodeling that is characterized by enhanced humoral and cell-mediated inflammatory responses and changes in its distribution of cellular populations and extracellular matrix composition. Uncontrolled AT inflammation could perpetuate lipolysis, as we have observed in cows with displaced abomasum, especially in those animals with genetic predisposition for excessive lipolysis responses. Efficient transition cow management ensures a moderate rate of lipolysis that is rapidly reduced as lactation progresses. Limiting FFA release from AT benefits immune function as several FFA are known to promote dysregulation of inflammation. Adequate formulation of pre- and postpartum diet reduces the intensity of AT lipolysis. Additionally, supplementation with niacin, monensin, and rumen-protected methyl donors (choline and methionine) during the transition period is reported to minimize FFA release into systemic circulation. Targeted supplementation of energy sources during early lactation improves energy balance and increases insulin concentration, which limits AT lipolytic responses. This review elaborates on the mechanisms by which uncontrolled lipolysis triggers inflammatory disorders. Details on current nutritional and pharmacological interventions that aid the modulation of FFA release from AT and their effect on immune function are provided. Understanding the inherent characteristics of AT biology in transition and early lactation cows will reduce disease incidence and improve lactation performance

Diagnóstico de cetosis subclínica y balance energético negativo en vacas lecheras mediante el uso de muestras de sangre, orina y leche

The objective of this study was to compare and associate plasma concentrations of ß-hidroxi-butyrate (ßHB) and subclinical ketosis with blood, urinary and milk indicators in dairy cow. Seventy four Holstein-Frisian cows were used from the third week pre-partum until the eighth week post-partum. Samples of blood, urine and milk were obtained weekly to determine the plasma concentrations of ßHB, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. Rothera test reaction, excretion of ßHB and pH were determined in urine samples. The concentrations of fat, protein and urea were determined on milk samples. The for subclinical ketosis were considered as: ßHB > 1.0, > 1.2 and >1.4 mmol/L. Negative energetic balance (NEB) presentation was considered when NEFA >300 µmol/L during pre-partum and when ßHB > 0.6 mmol/L during post-partum. The intensity in the reaction of Rothera test and the excretion of urinary ßHB were related with plasmatic concentrations of ßHB (r=0.57, P0.05) with milk fat or protein content or urinary pH. In conclusion, slight and moderate reactions of the Rothera test are good indicators of NEB, while an intense test result indicates subclinical ketosis

Balance energético y capacidad gluconeogénica de vacas lecheras a pastoreo tratadas con una baja dosis de somatotropina recombinante bovina en el período de transición

The aim of the study was to establish the low dose effect (250 mg/cow) of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in grazing dairy cows during the transition period on energy-protein balance parameters and gluconeogenic capacity. 3 assays were conducted: Prepartum, 10 prepartum cows were used: bST group (bST, n = 5), single dose of rbST on the 26thday (d) prepartum, and control (n = 5); blood samples and body condition score (BCS) were obtained every 3d from 26thd to 6thd prepartum. Pospartum, 10 postpartum cows were used: bST group (n = 5), single dose of rbST on the 6thd postpartum, and control (n = 5); blood samples, body weight (BW), BCS and milk production were obtained and recorded every 3 days from 6thd to 27thd postpartum. Transition, 14 prepartum cows were used: bST group (n = 7), treated with rbST every 14 days from 21thd prepartum to 7thd postpartum, and control (n = 7); blood samples, BW and BCS score were obtained every 3 days from 21thd prepartum to 7thd postpartum; additionally, a propionate loading test was performed (bST, n = 4; control, n = 4) on the 9thd postpartum to assess conversion of propionate to glucose. In all the assays, energy and protein plasma concentration were determined. The treatment of grazing dairy cows with a single dose of rbST in prepartum did not change the energy balance, while in early postpartum it increased milk production without a detrimental effect on energy balance. Propionate to glucose conversion in early postpartum was not affected by the prepartum administration of rbST. © 2014, Universidad Austral de Chile. All rights reserved

Indicadores energéticos de vacas lecheras a pastoreo en período de transición y lactancia temprana con alta o moderada condición corporal preparto

Blood markers for energy balance and milk production values, together with presentation of insulin resistance and ketosis were determined in grazing dairy cows during the periods of transition and early lactation and grouped according with their body condition score (BCS) before calving. The study was done in an experimental dairy herd, during the transitional period (3 weeks before to 3 weeks postcalving and early lactation, 4th to 8th weeks postcalving. Cows were distributed in two groups according to BCS (1 to 5 scale), high (=3.75; n=20) and moderate (3.00-3.50; n=28). Weekly variations of BCS, live body weight and blood markers for energy (non esterified fatty acids [NEFA], ß-OH-butyrate, glucose, cholesterol), protein (urea, albumin) and liver damage were determined. A glu- cose tolerance test and insulin resistance test were carry out during postcalving in nine cows of each group. Cows with high BCS at partum, compared to cows with moderate BCS at partum, had a larger blood lipid and glucose concentrations during precalving, produced more milk during the first three weeks postcalving and their blood glucose and cholesterol values at early lactation were higher, and also had a larger decrease in BCS. Presentation of negative energy balance and ketosis were similar in both groups of cows. However, excessive lipid mobilization (NEFA>0.40 mmol/L) and hyperglycaemia (>4.1 mmol/L) during precalving were the main risk factors for insulin resistance during the transition period. On the other hand hyperglycaemia precalving decreased the risk of a negative energy balance during lactation. It is concluded that dairy cows at pasture with high BCS precalving presents more lipid mobilization and have a higher glycaemia during the transitional period. Ketosis and insulin resistance presentations are independent of the BCS at calving, but are related to the lipid mobilization from the body fat stores to compensate the large demands for energy during lactation

Depot-specific adipocyte-extracellular matrix metabolic crosstalk in murine obesity

Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues have distinct metabolic phenotypes. We hypothesized that the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates depot-specific differences in adipocyte metabolic function in murine obesity. VAT and SAT preadipocytes from lean or obese mice were subject to adipogenic differentiation in standard 2D culture on plastic tissue culture plates or in 3D culture in ECM, followed by metabolic profiling. Adipocytes from VAT relative to SAT manifested impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and decreased adipogenic capacity. In 3D-ECM-adipocyte culture, ECM regulated adipocyte metabolism in a depot-specific manner, with SAT ECM rescuing defects in glucose uptake and adipogenic gene expression in VAT adipocytes, while VAT ECM impaired adipogenic gene expression in SAT adipocytes. These findings demonstrate that ECM-adipocyte crosstalk regulates depot-specific differences in adipocyte metabolic dysfunction in murine obesity

Linoleic acid derived oxylipid contents in plasma and adipose tissues from dairy cows are modified during the periparturient period.

<p>Adipose and plasma samples were collected at -27±7 (G1) and -10±5 d (G2) prepartum and at 8±3 d postpartum (PP). Cows were grouped by lipolysis intensity (LI) based on FFA concentrations at PP in low (LL = FFA<1.0 mEq/L) and high (HL, FFA≥1.0 mEq/L) lipolysis rate.</p

Periparturient lipolysis and oxylipid biosynthesis in bovine adipose tissues

<div><p>The periparturient period of dairy cows is characterized by intense lipolysis in adipose tissues (AT), which induces the release of free fatty acids (FFA) into circulation. Among FFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation and can modulate inflammatory responses during lipolysis within AT. Linoleic and arachidonic acid oxidized products (oxylipids) such as hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids (HODE) and hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETE), were recently identified as products of lipolysis that could modulate AT inflammation during lipolysis. However, the effect of lipolysis intensity during the transition from gestation to lactation on fatty acid substrate availability and subsequent AT oxylipid biosynthesis is currently unknown. We hypothesized that in periparturient dairy cows, alterations in AT and plasma fatty acids and oxylipid profiles coincide with changes in lipolysis intensity and stage of lactation. Blood and subcutaneous AT samples were collected from periparturient cows at -27±7 (G1) and -10±5 (G2) d prepartum and at 8±3 d postpartum (PP). Targeted lipidomic analysis was performed on plasma and AT using HPLC-MS/MS. We report that FFA concentrations increased as parturition approached and were highest at PP. Cows exhibiting high lipolysis rate at PP (FFA>1.0 mEq/L) had higher body condition scores at G1 compared to cows with low lipolysis rate (FFA<1.0 mEq/L). Concentrations of plasma linoleic and arachidonic acids were increased at PP. In AT, 13-HODE, and 5-, 11- and 15-HETE were increased at PP compared to G1 and G2. Concentrations of beta hydroxybutyrate were positively correlated with those of 13-HODE and 15-HETE in AT. Plasma concentrations of 5- and 20-HETE were increased at PP. These data demonstrate that prepartum adiposity predisposes cows to intense lipolysis post-partum and may exacerbate AT inflammation because of increased production of pro-inflammatory oxylipids including 5- and 15-HETE and 13-HODE. These results support a role for certain linoleic and arachidonic acid-derived oxylipids as positive and negative modulators of AT inflammation during periparturient lipolysis.</p></div

Dynamics of circulating and adipose tissue fatty acids in periparturient dairy cows at -27±7 (G1) and -10±5 d (G2) prepartum and at 8±3 d postpartum (PP).

<p>Cows were grouped by lipolysis intensity (LI) based on FFA concentrations at PP in low (LL = FFA<1.0 mEq/L) and high (HL, FFA≥1.0 mEq/L) lipolysis rate.</p