Origines et description de la Psychothérapie interpersonnelle (PTI)

La Psychothérapie interpersonnelle a été développée au cours des années 1969-84 pour le traitement de la dépression. Elle est utilisée aujourd’hui pour un large éventail de pathologies et problématiques cliniques. Cet article décrit les bases empiriques qui ont conduit à l’élaboration de la PTI telle que nous la connaissons aujourd’hui, et donne un aperçu de ses caractéristiques de base. Il définit les différentes phases du traitement dans le cadre d’une telle approche. Les divers domaines problématiques (focus) sont énumérés et décrits et les techniques spécifiques utilisées dans le cadre de cette approche sont décrites sommairement. Enfin, la spécificité de la PTI par rapport aux autres approches classiques de psychothérapie est explicitée. La PTI est une approche psychothérapeutique dont l’efficacité reconnue repose sur des données probantes.Interpersonal Psychotherapy was developed in the years 1969-84, specifically at that time, for the treatment of depression (later called Major Depression). Today, its indications have been extended to numerous other clinical syndromes and situations. This article describes the empirical basis on which IPT was developed until it evolved to its current format. A description of the phases of treatment is presented and the four problem areas commonly encountered in IPT are more explicitly detailed. Several techniques utilized in the course of this treatment are enumerated and the strategy underlying their usage is explained. IPT is an evidence-based psychotherapy and a clarification is made about its specificity, compared to other commonly used forms of psychotherapy.La Psicoterapia Interpersonal fue desarrollada en el curso de los años 1969-84 para el tratamiento de la depresión. Actualmente es utilizada en una amplia gama de patologías y problemas clínicos. Este artículo describe las bases empíricas que han llevado a la elaboración de la PTI tal como la conocemos actualmente y proporciona un repaso de sus características de base. Define las diferentes fases del tratamiento en el marco de dicho enfoque. Se enumeran y describen los diversos ámbitos problemáticos (focos) y se describen someramente las técnicas específicas utilizadas en el marco de este enfoque. Finalmente, se hace explícita la especificidad de la PTI con respecto a los otros enfoques clásicos de la psicoterapia. La PTI es un enfoque psicoterapéutico en el que la eficacia reconocida se basa en los datos probantes.A Psicoterapia Interpessoal foi desenvolvida durante os anos 1969-1984 para o tratamento da depressão. Ela é utilizada atualmente para uma grande variedade de patologias e problemáticas clínicas. Este artigo descreve as bases empíricas que conduziram à elaboração da PTI como conhecida atualmente, e dá uma visão geral de suas características básicas. Ele define as diferentes fases do tratamento dentro de tal abordagem. As diversas áreas problemáticas (focus) são enumeradas e descritas e as técnicas específicas utilizadas dentro desta abordagem são descritas sumariamente. Finalmente, a especificidade da PTI em relação às outras abordagens clássicas da psicoterapia é explicitada. A PTI é uma abordagem psicoterapêutica cuja eficácia reconhecida repousa em dados probantes

Vécu dans les rôles féminins, soutien, conflit travail-famille et symptomatologie dépressive

Malgré le grand nombre de recherches portant sur le lien entre le cumul des rôles et la santé mentale des mères actives sur le marché du travail, il demeure malaisé de cerner les facettes de leur vécu qui sont déterminantes pour la santé mentale. À l'aide d'un échantillon composé de 250 femmes oeuvrant dans le secteur du secrétariat et âgées entre 25 et 45 ans, la présente recherche avait pour objectif d'identifier les caractéristiques du vécu féminin associées à la symptomatologie dépressive lorsque l'on considère de façon simultanée les expériences dans les rôles de travailleuse, de conjointe et de mère de même que le soutien aux rôles et le conflit travail-famille. Les données suggèrent l'apport marquant de trois aspects du vécu féminin à la détresse psychologique: une mauvaise qualité de la relation conjugale; des attitudes critiques du conjoint envers l'activité de travail de sa compagne; et un niveau élevé de conflit travail-famille. D'autre part, il semble qu'avoir vécu l'expérience d'avoir une mère qui combinait travail et maternité exerce une influence positive.Despite widespread research on the link between an accumulation of roles and the mental health of working mothers, it remains difficult to identify those aspects of life experiences that are crucial to ensuring mental health. This research is based on data collected from a group of 250 women, between the ages of 25 and 45, who work in the secretarial field. Its purpose: to identify the characteristics of women's life experiences associated with depressive symptomatology when three realms are considered simultaneously: life experiences in the roles of worker, spouse and mother, support in assuming these roles and work-family conflict. Data suggests a significant contribution to psychological distress stemming from three aspects of female life experience: conjugal relations of poor quality, the partner's critical attitudes toward the woman's work activities and a high level of work-family conflict. On a different note, it appears that having a mother who combines work and maternity exerts a positive influence

Le concept de vieillissement différentiel : Son utilisation dans les études de santé au travail

Dans cet article, les auteurs se proposent, après avoir esquissé leur méthode de calcul du vieillissement, d'explorer les raisons de ce calcul et de donner un exemple de son utilisation, à partir d'une recherche faite en milieu industriel.Differential aging means the difference between chronological and biological age ; this concept is one of the best general health level indicators for individuals and groups, being both a diagnostic and a research instrument for the study of environmental sources of health variations. In an industrial setting, our results indicate strong over-aging in the case of unskilled manual workers, which might be related to lack of interest in the mechanical, repetitive tasks at work and to possible alienation of this employee category

Recent Developments in Arene Photocycloadditions

The photocycloaddition of alkenes with aromatic systems may proceed through three reaction modes, affording different types of products: ortho, meta, and para. These reactions generate a considerable increase in complexity, and yield products arduously attainable by classical synthetic steps. Whereas the meta-photocycloaddition has gained a lot of attention in the last decades because of its applicability in the total synthesis of numerous natural products, the ortho- and para-cycloadditions still have a great potential for further development. In this highlight, we review the latest advances in the field of photocycloaddition of alkenes to aromatic systems

The photocycloaddition of arenes and allenes

In the present work, we report on a new intramolecular para-cycloaddition of arenes with allenes, yielding attractive rigid scaffolds bearing several reactive functionalities to build in further diversity. Bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene-type products and benzoxepine acetals are formed in this reaction, in ratios and yields depending on the substitution pattern on the aromatic ring, the nature of the chromophore and the tether. This unprecedented reaction has remarkable features that distinguishes it from many other photochemical transformations: it is particularly robust with respect to substituents, it can be scaled up without notable loss of efficiency, and it can lead to structures with high complexity in low to good yields. All photochemical precursors could be synthesized readily in three steps. We confirmed the compatibility of the nitrogen atom in the photocycloaddition step, which gives access to bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene scaffold with two points that allow further diversification. This reaction was scaled up to multigram quantities without erosion of the typically high yields in photocycloadducts. Sequential deprotection of the N- or the C-terminus of bicyclic amino acids gave access to two conformationally constrained unnatural amino acids with different disposition of the two anchor points