The Focal Account: Indirect Lie Detection Need Not Access Unconscious, Implicit Knowledge

People are poor lie detectors, but accuracy can be improved by making the judgment indirectly. In a typical demonstration, participants are not told that the experiment is about deception at all. Instead, they judge whether the speaker appears, say, tense or not. Surprisingly, these indirect judgments better reflect the speaker’s veracity. A common explanation is that participants have an implicit awareness of deceptive behavior, even when they cannot explicitly identify it. We propose an alternative explanation. Attending to a range of behaviors, as explicit raters do, can lead to conflict: A speaker may be thinking hard (indicating deception) but not tense (indicating honesty). In 2 experiments, we show that the judgment (and in turn the correct classification rate) is the result of attending to a single behavior, as indirect raters are instructed to do. Indirect lie detection does not access implicit knowledge, but simply focuses the perceiver on more useful cues

Developing Comprehensive Diabetes Education Materials for Structured Patient Education Programs in Primary Care Setting

Diabetes education is a key factor for a successful diabetes care. Comprehensive diabetes education materials for conducting structured diabetes education programs were rarely found in primary care setting in Indonesia. There was a need for developing new, comprehensive diabetes education materials for low-literate readers. Developing these education materials followed standard steps in developing print materials, and took account tips for writing low literacy materials for poor readers. The new diabetes education materials consisted of ten various leaflets, also printed as14 posters and 14 x-banners. The ten diabetes leaflets were pre-tested to 5 people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). After minor revisions, the leaflets were printed and distributed to 88 people with T2D attending two structured diabetes education programs in Yogyakarta City. These 88 people were requested to evaluate the leaflets using an evaluation form consisting of four items on language usage, font size, use of pictures, and diabetes information with a 1-10 rating scale; and an open-ended question for improvement. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. Most participants thought that the leaflets were easy to understand and read, interesting, and simple. Majority of participants (79.7%) gave favorable comments without providing suggestions for improvement, such as: “The diabetes leaflets are already good and easy to understand” One third of the participants gave suggestions for improvement. The comprehensive diabetes leaflets developed were well received and highly appreciated by people with T2D attending diabetes education programs

Are you hiding something from me? Uncertainty and judgments about the intentions of others

We are skilled at reading other’s intentions – until they try to hide them. We are biased towards taking at face value what others say, but it is not clear why. One possibility is that we are uncertain, and make the decision by relying on heuristics. Half of our participants judged whether speakers were lying or telling the truth. The other half did not have to commit to a judgment: they were allowed to say they were unsure. We expected these participants would no longer need to rely on simplified heuristics and so show a reduced bias compared to the forced choice condition. Surprisingly, those who could say they were unsure were more biased towards believing people. We consider two possible accounts, both highlighting the importance of examining raters’ uncertainty, which have so far been undocumented. Allowing raters to abstain from judgment gives new insights into the judgment-forming process

Joint perception: gaze and beliefs about social context

The way that we look at images is influenced by social context. Previously we demonstrated this phenomenon of joint perception. If lone participants believed that an unseen other person was also looking at the images they saw, it shifted the balance of their gaze between negative and positive images. The direction of this shift depended upon whether participants thought that later they would be compared against the other person or would be collaborating with them. Here we examined whether the joint perception is caused by beliefs about shared experience (looking at the same images) or beliefs about joint action (being engaged in the same task with the images). We place our results in the context of the emerging field of joint action, and discuss their connection to notions of group emotion and situated cognition. Such findings reveal the persuasive and subtle effect of social context upon cognitive and perceptual processes

An Assessment of Preparation Programs for Educational Administrators and Supervisors in Tennessee, 1971-1972

Purpose. The purpose of this study was (1) to assess the preparation programs for educational administrators and supervisors in colleges and universities in the State of Tennessee, (2) to analyse the certification requirments for administrators and supervisors in Tennessee, and (3) to determine the number of administrative and supervisory personnel employed in the State of Tennessee during 1971-72. The problem was divided into components to facilitate the identification of the many aspects involved. The subproblems were to identify the colleges and universities in Tennessee that offered programs for preparing educational administrators and supervisors; to determine each institution\u27s number of graduates from 1969 through 1972, degrees offered, number of graduates employed during 1971-72, entrance requirements, areas of specialized training, residence requirements, courses offered on and off campus during 1971-72, number of faculty members, qualifications of faculty members; to identify through the Tennessee State Department of Education the certification requirements, and number of new certificates issued between July 1, 1971 and June 30, 1972; and to ascertain through the county and city school superintendents the number of administrators and supervisors employed between July 1, 1971 and June 30, 1972. (Abstract shortened.

The Bodily Movements of Liars

We measured the continuous bodily motion of participants as they lied to experimenters. These lies were spontaneous rather than elicited, and occurred for different motivations. In one situation, participants were given the opportunity to lie about their performance on a maths test in order to win money. In another, they witnessed one experimenter accidentally break a laptop. When asked what had happened, participants were motivated to lie and deny any knowledge. Across these situations, participants lied 61% of the time, allowing us to contrast the body movements of liars with truth tellers as they answered neutral and critical questions. Those who lied had significantly reduced bodily motion. In one case this motion appeared before the experimenter had even asked the critical question. We conclude that a person’s bodily dynamics can be indicative of their cognitive and effective states, even when they would rather conceal them

SRC Holdings: Winning The Game While Sharing The Prize

SRC Holdings Corporation, formerly Springfield Remanufacturing Corp., is a well-known manufacturing enterprise comprised of numerous companies spread across 12 Business Units engaged in activities ranging from manufacturing to packaging to management consulting and training. However, their primary business expertise and core competency is remanufacturing -- the process of taking used transportation parts, for example, and returning them to their OEM (original equipment manufacturer) specifications. Headquartered in Springfield, Missouri, the SRC story is one of tremendous financial success, virtually from the beginning of the organization in 1983. At that time, a share of stock was worth 10¢; as of 2012, a single share is valued at about $361! But although the company is well-known for its financial record, it is safe to say that it is most famous for its founder and current CEO, Jack Stack, and his insistence on converting his company into an employee-owned firm very early on. The subsequent success of SRC and the role its employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) played in this success is legendary. Thus, it’s not surprising that both the SRC ESOP and Jack Stack play central roles in this case study

Introduction:Diagnostics, medical testing, and value in medical anthropology

Introduction to the Special Issue on Diagnostics, Medical testing, and Valu