Germany's role in the foreign direct investment configuration of Korean multinational enterprises in Europe

Germany has always been one of the major direct investment destinations for Korean multinational enterprises (MNEs) within Europe. However, along with the internationalization of Korean firms, the motives and patterns for direct investments have changed. This paper discusses the development of Korean MNEs' investment motives and patterns, specifically regarding the role Germany has played over the years. For this purpose, geographical configuration patterns of the largest Korean MNEs within Europe are analyzed. The main findings indicate that Germany is considered more important to automobile companies than electronics companies, and that the investment activities of small and mediumsized enterprises are increasing, whereas the investment activities of large MNEs are decreasing. --foreign direct investment,geographical configuration,multinational enterprises,internationalization,Korea,Germany,Europe

Model-Driven Engineering in the Large: Refactoring Techniques for Models and Model Transformation Systems

Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is a software engineering paradigm that aims to increase the productivity of developers by raising the abstraction level of software development. It envisions the use of models as key artifacts during design, implementation and deployment. From the recent arrival of MDE in large-scale industrial software development – a trend we refer to as MDE in the large –, a set of challenges emerges: First, models are now developed at distributed locations, by teams of teams. In such highly collaborative settings, the presence of large monolithic models gives rise to certain issues, such as their proneness to editing conflicts. Second, in large-scale system development, models are created using various domain-specific modeling languages. Combining these models in a disciplined manner calls for adequate modularization mechanisms. Third, the development of models is handled systematically by expressing the involved operations using model transformation rules. Such rules are often created by cloning, a practice related to performance and maintainability issues. In this thesis, we contribute three refactoring techniques, each aiming to tackle one of these challenges. First, we propose a technique to split a large monolithic model into a set of sub-models. The aim of this technique is to enable a separation of concerns within models, promoting a concern-based collaboration style: Collaborators operate on the submodels relevant for their task at hand. Second, we suggest a technique to encapsulate model components by introducing modular interfaces in a set of related models. The goal of this technique is to establish modularity in these models. Third, we introduce a refactoring to merge a set of model transformation rules exhibiting a high degree of similarity. The aim of this technique is to improve maintainability and performance by eliminating the drawbacks associated with cloning. The refactoring creates variability-based rules, a novel type of rule allowing to capture variability by using annotations. The refactoring techniques contributed in this work help to reduce the manual effort during the refactoring of models and transformation rules to a large extent. As indicated in a series of realistic case studies, the output produced by the techniques is comparable or, in the case of transformation rules, partly even preferable to the result of manual refactoring, yielding a promising outlook on the applicability in real-world settings

Cluster-randomized trial of a German leisure-based alcohol peer education measure.

Because of scarce research, the effectiveness of substance abuse prevention in leisure settings remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a peer-led educational prevention measure with adolescent groups in unstructured leisure settings, which is a component of the complex German nationwide 'Na Toll!' campaign. Using a cluster-randomized two-group post-test-only design, we tested whether the measure influenced component-specific goals, namely risk and protective factors of alcohol use such as risk perception, group communication and resistance self-efficacy. The sample consisted of 738 adolescents aged 12-20 years who were recruited at recreational locations and completed an online questionnaire 1 week after the peer education or recruitment event. Sixty-three percent of the sample participated in the 3-month follow-up assessment. Data analysis revealed post-test effects on risk perception, perceived norm of alcohol communication in the peer group and resistance self-efficacy. Follow-up effects were not observed, with the exception of a significant effect on risk perception. In conclusion, the peer-led education measure in leisure settings might have supported the adolescents in this study to perceive alcohol-related risks, to feel accepted to talk about alcohol problems with their friends and to be more assertive in resisting alcohol use in the short term

Vector and axialvector mesons at nonzero temperature within a gauged linear sigma model

We consider vector and axialvector mesons in the framework of a gauged linear sigma model with chiral $U(N_f)_R \times U(N_f)_L$ symmetry. For $N_f=2$, we investigate the behavior of the chiral condensate and the meson masses as a function of temperature by solving a system of coupled Dyson-Schwinger equations derived via the 2PI formalism in double-bubble approximation. We find that the inclusion of vector and axialvector mesons tends to sharpen the chiral transition. Within our approximation scheme, the mass of the $\rho$ meson increases by about 100 MeV towards the chiral transition.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure

Humussphäre - Projekt zu energiesparenden und humusaufbauenden Methoden in der Landwirtschaft Teil 4: Das Jahr 2008

Mittlerweile im 4. Jahr wird 2008 auf unserem Betrieb der Einsatz von Zugpferden in einem Vollerwerbsbetrieb in verschiedenen Hinsichten analysiert, worüber in Jahresabständen hier berichtet wird (SP 38, 42 und 46). Sowohl der IPCC - Klimabericht als auch der Weltagrarbericht der Uno von 2008 stellen Forderungen an die Landwirtschaft (Emission, Boden, Betriebsgröße u.a.), die sich mit Zugpferden gut realisieren lassen, wodurch das Projekt aktuell bleibt. Von den insgesamt 7 Projektteilen werden hier 3 genauer beschreiben: Die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur sozialen Situation auf Betrieben, die pfluglose Bodenbearbeitung mit Pferden und neue Ergebnisse in einem Vergleichsversuch Pferd/Traktor. Der gesamte Bericht 2008 und weitere Informationen zum Projekt erhalten Sie bei Klaus Strüber, [email protected] oder Tel.: 04528/764. Wir wünschen uns ein reichhaltiges Feedback, um auch in Zukunft praxisorientierte Forschungsarbeit zu leisten

Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques can modulate cognitive processing

Recent methods that allow a noninvasive modulation of brain activity are able to modulate human cognitive behavior. Among these methods are transcranial electric stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation that both come in multiple variants. A property of both types of brain stimulation is that they modulate brain activity and in turn modulate cognitive behavior. Here, we describe the methods with their assumed neural mechanisms for readers from the economic and social sciences and little prior knowledge of these techniques. Our emphasis is on available protocols and experimental parameters to choose from when designing a study. We also review a selection of recent studies that have successfully applied them in the respective field. We provide short pointers to limitations that need to be considered and refer to the relevant papers where appropriate

MEG alpha activity decrease reflects destabilization of multistable percepts

Multistable stimuli offer the possibility to investigate visual awareness, since they evoke spontaneous alternations between different perceptual interpretations of the same stimulus and, therefore, allow to dissociate perceptual from stimulus-driven mechanisms. In the present study, we used an ambiguous motion paradigm and compared endogenous reversals of perceived motion direction which occur spontaneously during constant ambiguous stimulation with exogenous reversals that were induced externally by changes of stimulation. Contrasting the two conditions allowed to investigate processes that trigger endogenous reversals, since the related activity should be absent in the exogenous reversal condition. We employed ambiguous dot patterns which can easily be transformed to present two stable motion directions in order to induce exogenous pattern reversals. Whole-head MEG was recorded from 10 subjects. We analyzed event-related fields (ERFs) and oscillatory activity in the alpha and gamma ranges. The results showed P300-like slow waves in response to both endogenous and exogenous reversals reflecting the conscious recognition of pattern reversals. Analyses in the gamma-band did not reveal any significant modulations. The alpha activity showed different time courses for endogenous and exogenous reversals. While the exogenous alpha activity decreased in temporal relation to the pattern reversal, the endogenous alpha activity displayed a continuous decrease starting in the time interval preceding the reversal. This time course of the endogenous alpha activity is consistent with a bottom-up approach to figure reversals, since it reflects a process of destabilization of the actual percept until a switch of visual awareness occurs