Regiões homogêneas e tamanho de amostra para atributos do clima no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil Homogeneous regions and sample size for attributes of the climate in São Paulo State, Brazil

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram demarcar regiões homogêneas e estimar o número de anos de avaliações para as variáveis insolação, radiação solar global e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa para o Estado de São Paulo. Utilizaram-se dados da média mensal de insolação, radiação solar e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa de 18 locais do Estado de São Paulo. A homogeneidade das variâncias entre os meses do ano para os 18 locais (variabilidade temporal) e a homogeneidade das variâncias entre os locais em cada mês (variabilidade espacial) foram testadas pelo teste de homogeneidade de Bartlett. Estimou-se o tamanho de amostra para cada local durante o ano. Como resultados há variabilidade temporal e espacial para as estimativas de insolação, radiação solar e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa para os 18 municípios avaliados. Além disso, a variabilidade do tamanho de amostra para a insolação, radiação solar e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa depende do local e da época do ano no Estado de São Paulo.<br>The purpose of this study was to separate homogeneous regions and to estimate the numbers of years necessary to evaluate the variables: sunshine, global solar radiation and photossintetically active radiation in Sao Paulo State. Monthly data of sunshine, solar radiation and photossintetically active radiation for 18 places in Sao Paulo State were used in the analysis. The homogeneity of the variances among the months for the 18 places (seasonal variability) and the homogeneity of variances among places in each month (spatial variability) were tested by the test of homogeneity of Bartlett. In addition, the sample size for each place was calculated during the year. The results show the existence of seasonal and spatial variability in the estimates of sunshine, solar radiation and photossintetically active radiation for the 18 cities evaluated in Sao Paulo State. Moreover, the variability of the sample size for sunshine, solar radiation and photossintetically active radiation depend on the site and season of the year in Sao Paulo State

A Concept and System Architecture for IT-Based Lifelong Learning

This article presents the vision "A Concept and System Architecture for IT-Based Lifelong Learning". The paper as a whole summarises the results of a project funded by the Ministry of Industrial Development of Sabah, Malaysia. The goal of the project was to develop a concept for IT-based Lifelong Learning including a case study based on a specific curriculum and considerations about potential business opportunities. Within the project experienced international researchers in the area of IT-based learning and training worked together in two preparation workshops and a final workshop about "IT-Based Lifelong Learning Systems" in Sabah, Malaysia, in March, 1997. The paper is based on the experiences of the authors from the International Network of Institutes for Computer Graphics (INI-GraphicsNet) in several R&D projects and has been reviewed, refined and revised by a group of local experts as well as several well renowned international experts and local/regional experts (Appendix A). The editors of the vision paper are J. L. Encarnacao, M. Mengel and P. R. Bono. Section 1 presents first the motivation of the paper, then international trends and the vision of an IT- based learning infrastructure integrating all parts of the society. The resulting goal, advising on how to go forward into the direction of the named vision, finalizes the Introduction. Section 2 discusses the various roles of an IT-based learning environment and identifies user needs and requirements. Section 3 proposes concepts for, and an architecture of, a learning system for IT-based lifelong learning. Section 4 focuses on the Technical Implementation of the proposed system architecture. A generic approach for IT-based lifelong learning based on a conceptual system architecture is presented. This approach distinguishes between the services and environment of such a system. Firstly, the services offered by the system are described in more detail. These services include data management, cooperation and security services that are role- and activity-independent and have to be adapted to the underlying technical resources. Then the environments, including authoring, delivery and administration environments realizing a specific functionality for a specific user role and activity, are presented. The section is completed by addressing issues for a concrete implementation including implementation guidelines and assessment criteria and an implementation strategy to reduce the technological risk is suggested. Section 5 describes a case study which will be initiated cooperatively by leading experts from the fields of visualization, multimedia, interaction and communication. This case study provides a narrow vertical section through the layers of the approach to lifelong learning both to demonstrate its effective- ness and to permit the evaluation of its efficiency. Section 6 outlines a plan for the realization of the project as a whole. A glossary and bibliography complete the main part of the paper. In Appendix B (Recommendations), Appendix C (Project References), and Appendix D (Open Issues), are presented. # 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

A Concept and System Architecture for IT-Based Lifelong Learning

This article presents the vision "A Concept and System Architecture for IT-Based Lifelong Learning". The paper as a whole summarises the results of a project funded by the Ministry of Industrial Development of Sabah, Malaysia. The goal of the project was to develop a concept for IT-based Lifelong Learning including a case study based on a specific curriculum and considerations about potential business opportunities. Within the project experienced international researchers in the area of IT-based learning and training worked together in two preparation workshops and a final workshop about "IT-Based Lifelong Learning Systems" in Sabah, Malaysia, in March, 1997. The paper is based on the experiences of the authors from the International Network of Institutes for Computer Graphics (INI-GraphicsNet) in several R&D projects and has been reviewed, refined and revised by a group of local experts as well as several well renowned international experts and local/regional experts (Appendix A). The editors of the vision paper are J. L. Encarnacao, M. Mengel and P. R. Bono. Section 1 presents first the motivation of the paper, then international trends and the vision of an IT- based learning infrastructure integrating all parts of the society. The resulting goal, advising on how to go forward into the direction of the named vision, finalizes the Introduction. Section 2 discusses the various roles of an IT-based learning environment and identifies user needs and requirements. Section 3 proposes concepts for, and an architecture of, a learning system for IT-based lifelong learning. Section 4 focuses on the Technical Implementation of the proposed system architecture. A generic approach for IT-based lifelong learning based on a conceptual system architecture is presented. This approach distinguishes between the services and environment of such a system. Firstly, the services offered by the system are described in more detail. These services include data management, cooperation and security services that are role- and activity-independent and have to be adapted to the underlying technical resources. Then the environments, including authoring, delivery and administration environments realizing a specific functionality for a specific user role and activity, are presented. The section is completed by addressing issues for a concrete implementation including implementation guidelines and assessment criteria and an implementation strategy to reduce the technological risk is suggested. Section 5 describes a case study which will be initiated cooperatively by leading experts from the fields of visualization, multimedia, interaction and communication. This case study provides a narrow vertical section through the layers of the approach to lifelong learning both to demonstrate its effective- ness and to permit the evaluation of its efficiency. Section 6 outlines a plan for the realization of the project as a whole. A glossary and bibliography complete the main part of the paper. In Appendix B (Recommendations), Appendix C (Project References), and Appendix D (Open Issues), are presented. # 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved