342 research outputs found
Standard and derived Planck quantities: selected analysis and derivations
We provide an overview of the fundamental units of physical quantities
determined naturally by the values of fundamental constants of nature. We
discuss a comparison between the 'Planck units', now widely used in theoretical
physics and the pre-quantum 'Stoney units' in which, instead of the Planck
constant, the charge of the electron is used with very similar quantitative
results. We discuss some of the physical motivation for these special units,
attributed much after they were introduced, and also put forth a summary of the
arguments supporting various cases for making specific physical interpretations
of the meanings of some of these units. The new aspects we discuss are a
possible physical basis for the Stoney units, their link to the Planck units,
and also the importance of Planck units for thermodynamical quantities in the
context of quantum gravity.Comment: 22 pages, 1 tabl
Variable Curvature Slab Molecular Dynamics as a Method to Determine Surface Stress
A thin plate or slab, prepared so that opposite faces have different surface
stresses, will bend as a result of the stress difference. We have developed a
classical molecular dynamics (MD) formulation where (similar in spirit to
constant-pressure MD) the curvature of the slab enters as an additional
dynamical degree of freedom. The equations of motion of the atoms have been
modified according to a variable metric, and an additional equation of motion
for the curvature is introduced. We demonstrate the method to Au surfaces, both
clean and covered with Pb adsorbates, using many-body glue potentials.
Applications to stepped surfaces, deconstruction and other surface phenomena
are under study.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, REVTeX, submitted to Physical Review
Synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein regulates pattern formation in the trigeminal system of mice
School-based HPV vaccination positively impacts parents’ attitudes toward adolescent vaccination
Introduction
This qualitative study aimed to explore parental attitudes, knowledge and decision-making about HPV vaccination for adolescents in the context of a gender-neutral school-based Australian National Immunisation Program (NIP).
Methods
Semi-structured interviews with parents of adolescents eligible for HPV vaccination were undertaken as part of an evaluation of a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention in 40 schools (2013–2015). In this qualitative study, we purposively recruited a nested sample of parents from 11 schools across two Australian jurisdictions. Interviews explored parent knowledge and understanding of the HPV vaccine program; HPV vaccination decision-making; their adolescent’s knowledge about HPV vaccination; and their adolescent’s understanding about HPV vaccination, sexual awareness and behaviour. Transcripts were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic analysis.
Results
Parents’ of 22 adolescents had positive attitudes towards the program; the school-based delivery platform was the key driver shaping acceptance of and decision-making about HPV vaccination. They had difficulty recalling, or did not read, HPV vaccination information sent home. Some adolescents were involved in discussions about vaccination, with parents’ responsible for ultimate vaccine decision-making. All parents supported in-school education for adolescents about HPV and HPV vaccination. Parents’ knowledge about HPV vaccination was limited to cervical cancer and was largely absent regarding vaccination in males.
Conclusions
Parents’ positive attitudes towards the NIP and inclusion of the HPV vaccine is central to their vaccine decision-making and acceptance. More intensive communication strategies including school education opportunities are required to improve parents’ knowledge of HPV-related disease and to promote vaccine decision-making with adolescents
Optogenetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Activity In Vivo
Purkinje cells (PCs) are the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Although their anatomical connections and physiological response properties have been extensively studied, the causal role of their activity in behavioral, cognitive and autonomic functions is still unclear because PC activity cannot be selectively controlled. Here we developed a novel technique using optogenetics for selective and rapidly reversible manipulation of PC activity in vivo. We injected into rat cerebellar cortex lentiviruses expressing either the light-activated cationic channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin (eNpHR) under the control of the PC-specific L7 promoter. Transgene expression was observed in most PCs (ChR2, 92.6%; eNpHR, 95.3%), as determined by immunohistochemical analysis. In vivo electrophysiological recordings showed that all light-responsive PCs in ChR2-transduced rats increased frequency of simple spike in response to blue laser illumination. Similarly, most light-responsive PCs (93.8%) in eNpHR-transduced rats decreased frequency of simple spike in response to orange laser illumination. We then applied these techniques to characterize the roles of rat cerebellar uvula, one of the cardiovascular regulatory regions in the cerebellum, in resting blood pressure (BP) regulation in anesthetized rats. ChR2-mediated photostimulation and eNpHR-mediated photoinhibition of the uvula had opposite effects on resting BP, inducing depressor and pressor responses, respectively. In contrast, manipulation of PC activity within the neighboring lobule VIII had no effect on BP. Blue and orange laser illumination onto PBS-injected lobule IX didn't affect BP, indicating the observed effects on BP were actually due to PC activation and inhibition. These results clearly demonstrate that the optogenetic method we developed here will provide a powerful way to elucidate a causal relationship between local PC activity and functions of the cerebellum
Nanomechanical detection of antibiotic-mucopeptide binding in a model for superbug drug resistance
The alarming growth of the antibiotic-resistant superbugs
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus (VRE) is driving the development of new technologies to
investigate antibiotics and their modes of action. We report the label-free
detection of vancomycin binding to bacterial cell wall precursor analogues
(mucopeptides) on cantilever arrays, with 10 nM sensitivity and at clinically
relevant concentrations in blood serum. Differential measurements quantified
binding constants for vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant mucopeptide
analogues. Moreover, by systematically modifying the mucopeptide density we
gain new insights into the origin of surface stress. We propose that stress is
a product of a local chemical binding factor and a geometrical factor
describing the mechanical connectivity of regions affected by local binding in
terms of a percolation process. Our findings place BioMEMS devices in a new
class of percolative systems. The percolation concept will underpin the design
of devices and coatings to significantly lower the drug detection limit and may
also impact on our understanding of antibiotic drug action in bacteria.Comment: Comments: This paper consists of the main article (6 pages, 5
figures) plus Supplemental Material (6 pages, 3 figures). More details are
available at http://www.london-nano.co
Varying constants, Gravitation and Cosmology
Fundamental constants are a cornerstone of our physical laws. Any constant
varying in space and/or time would reflect the existence of an almost massless
field that couples to matter. This will induce a violation of the universality
of free fall. It is thus of utmost importance for our understanding of gravity
and of the domain of validity of general relativity to test for their
constancy. We thus detail the relations between the constants, the tests of the
local position invariance and of the universality of free fall. We then review
the main experimental and observational constraints that have been obtained
from atomic clocks, the Oklo phenomenon, Solar system observations, meteorites
dating, quasar absorption spectra, stellar physics, pulsar timing, the cosmic
microwave background and big bang nucleosynthesis. At each step we describe the
basics of each system, its dependence with respect to the constants, the known
systematic effects and the most recent constraints that have been obtained. We
then describe the main theoretical frameworks in which the low-energy constants
may actually be varying and we focus on the unification mechanisms and the
relations between the variation of different constants. To finish, we discuss
the more speculative possibility of understanding their numerical values and
the apparent fine-tuning that they confront us with.Comment: 145 pages, 10 figures, Review for Living Reviews in Relativit
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