21 research outputs found

    Unfounded claims about productivity beyond density for reindeer pastoralism systems

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    We point out problems with the article Productivity beyond density: A critique of management models for reindeer pastoralism in Norway by Marin and co-workers published in Pastoralism in 2020. In our opinion, there are several misleading claims about the governance of the reindeer pastoralist system in Norway, the RĂžros model for herd management and density dependence in reindeer herds in their article. We point out the errors in their empirical re-evaluation of previous work on the relationship between reindeer densities and the productivity and slaughter weights in herds. These errors have a significant bearing on their conclusions. We agree that weather variability has a substantial impact on reindeer body mass growth, fecundity and survival, but disagree with Marin et al. when they argue that reindeer densities are of minor importance for reindeer productivity and animal welfare

    Berettiget kritikk av NMBU sin reindriftsforskning

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    Source at https://forskersonen.no/akademia-debattinnlegg-dyrevelferd/berettiget-kritikk-av-nmbu-sin-reindriftsforskning/1956081Det er flere elementer i artikkelen til NMBU-forskerne som fremstÄr som uforenlig med god vitenskapelig praksis

    Low Spatial Habitat Overlap of Herbivores in the High Arctic Tundra

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    Herbivores play a crucial role in shaping tundra ecosystems through their effects on vegetation, nutrient cycling, and soil abiotic factors. Understanding their habitat use, co-occurrence, and overlap is therefore essential for informing ecosystem-based management and conservation. In the High Arctic, only a marginal proportion of the land area is vegetated, and climate change is impacting herbivore population sizes and their habitats. In this study, we assessed the spatial habitat overlap of a vertebrate herbivore community based on: 1) regional predictive summer habitat suitability models for the resident Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), resident Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea), and the migratory pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus), and 2) presence of fecal pellets, reflecting the annual habitat use of reindeer, ptarmigan, and geese, including the pink-footed goose and barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis). Our findings revealed that only small proportions of the available land cover (∌ 12,516 km2; all land area excluding glaciers and freshwater) are suitable for each of the species (habitat suitability [HS] \u3e 0.5): reindeer (22 %), ptarmigan (11 %), and pink-footed goose (4 %). Overlapping suitable habitat [HS \u3e 0.5] for reindeer and goose accounted for only 3 % of the total vegetated area (∌ 8848 km2) and was primarily found in heath and moist habitats dominated by mosses, graminoids, and herbaceous plants. The overlapping suitable habitat for reindeer and ptarmigan covered 8 % of the vegetated area, in higher elevation ridges with vegetation on drier substrates. The shared habitat for ptarmigan and goose, and all three species of herbivores, was less than 1 % of the vegetated area. Additionally, an assessment of fecal pellets suggested that the highest overlap in habitat use among reindeer and goose occurred in bird cliff moss tundra, followed by moss tundra and heath habitats. The small proportion of the vegetated area suitable for all three herbivores indicates a high degree of habitat differentiation. Therefore, different habitats need to be considered for the management and conservation of resident and migratory herbivore species in this High Arctic Archipelago. Moreover, our results underscore the importance of the small but productive parts of the landscape that were used by all herbivores

    Nest predation in birds of conservation concern. Case studies of monitoring and management.

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    In this thesis I have used a variety of study methods at different spatial and temporal scales to explore population processes and management of 2 bird species of conservation concern, common eider and Slavonian grebe, focusing particularly on the role of nest predation in declining populations. I have demonstrated the role of proximate and ultimate causes of nest loss in eider at 2 declining colonies and highlighted the negative effects of human disturbance on nesting success and the potential role of disturbance in decline at one of the colonies. Furthermore, using the stepwise approach of elucidating proximate and ultimate factors has indicated management actions that are highly likely to improve nesting success and may also play a significant role in halting the decline of the eider colonies. I have demonstrated the usefulness of combining investigation of focal species of conservation, Slavonian grebe and targeted invasive alien predator species, American mink in order to optimise management decisions when knowledge of both species is poor. I have further demonstrated the regional decline of Slavonian grebe at the northern range of its distribution. Finally, by investigating the level of mink hunting in Norway I have demonstrated that collaborative control programs that include volunteer mink hunters are best focused on hotspots of conservation concern. I view this thesis as an example of adaptive protocols for learning by doing. In contrast to common (mis)conceptions, I have demonstrated that this approach can be undertaken with relatively little funding and resource use and is simple in its design. Thus, conservation management in general, and game management particularly in Norway should be more willing to tackle management challenges using this adaptive protocol approach

    The role of the Hooded Crow (Corvus corone) in the nesting success of the Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) at two colonies in Troms county, Northern Norway

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    There is evidence of a negative population trend for the two neighbouring eider colonies of HĂ„kĂžya and GrindĂžya in Troms county, northern Norway. Casual observations suggest that nest predation may be an important factor, and that the hooded crow in particular could be the main egg predator. On this basis, a two year pilot study was conducted to investigate the role of the hooded crow in the nest predation. Eider nesting success was monitored on both colonies in 2006 and 2007, whilst in 2007, crows were removed from HĂ„kĂžya. The number of nesting pairs of crows was monitored on both islands in both years, whilst in 2007 a crow activity index was estimated to assess the effectiveness of trapping. Cause of eider nest loss was recorded on HĂ„kĂžya in both years. In addition we assessed if the nest habitat variables habitat (open, wood, or thicket), distance to the open and distance to the nearest crow nest were related to eider nest success. A logistic exposure model was used to analyse nest success, whilst a log-linear regression with a Quasi Poisson distribution was used to analyse crow activity. Crow removal in 2007 on HĂ„kĂžya was successful in terms of removing established territorial and visiting crows and this most likely resulted in a large reduction in crow activity on HĂ„kĂžya compared to the control area GrindĂžya. Modelling of daily nesting success probabilities revealed that eider nesting success on HĂ„kĂžya increased from 61% of nests in 2006 to 80% of nests in 2007, while in contrast, nesting success on GrindĂžya stayed constant over the same period (38% – 39% of nests in 2006 and 2007 respectively). In addition, there was a strong season effect on the nesting success of eiders on both islands and in both years of this study, with nests found at the start of the season having a much lower probability of success than nests found later on in the season. The habitat variables did not improve the prediction of nest success. Since the crow removal in this study was not replicated in space or time, and moreover the cause of nest failure was often undetermined, the causal link could not be verified by this pilot study. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the hooded crow could be an important factor in the decline of the breeding colonies of common eiders in TromsĂž, and that a more long-term study would be valuable

    Predasjonsstudier av kongeĂžrn i TrĂžndelag

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    Mattisson, J., Stien, J., Kleven, O. & Stien, A. 2022. Predasjonsstudier av kongeÞrn i TrÞndelag. NINA rapport 2203. Norsk institutt for naturforskning Det har i de siste Ärene blitt stadig mer fokus pÄ kongeÞrn som skadevolder pÄ frittgÄende husdyr, som sau og tamrein. Sammenliknet med de andre store rovdyrene er kunnskapen om kongeÞrn mer begrenset. KongeÞrn er bÄde en predator og en Ätseleter og anses som en fÞde-generalist. Tidligere studier av dietten til kongeÞrn er hovedsakelig basert pÄ registrering av byttedyr i reir, eller ved hjelp av viltkamera ved reir. Studiene er derfor begrenset til hekkende individer i hekkeperioden fram til ungene forlater reiret pÄ sommeren. Hoveddelen av dietten til hekkende kongeÞrn er smÄvilt, framfor alt rype og hare, men sau og rein forekommer ogsÄ i dietten i de fleste omrÄder. Byttedyrregistreringer ved hjelp av GPS-sendere og kluster-metodikk har blitt brukt pÄ alle de store landlevende rovdyra i Skandinavia, men har ikke blitt benyttet pÄ kongeÞrn tidligere. Med denne metodikken kan man samle data pÄ diett ogsÄ for ikke-hekkende Þrner, bÄde territorielle og ikke-territorielle. PÄ denne mÄten kan man lettere fastslÄ om byttet er drept av Þrn eller ikke. I denne rapporten har vi brukt GPS-data fra tre territorielle og tre ikke-territorielle kongeÞrner for Ä se om det var mulig Ä studere diett og beregne individuell drapstakt pÄ lam og reinkalv hos kongeÞrn med denne metodikken. Vi har ogsÄ benyttet DNA-analyser av ÞrnefjÊr funnet ved byttedyrrester og fra GPS-merket individer for Ä identifisere ulike individer som har besÞkt de samme byttedyrene. Metodikken fungerte ogsÄ for kongeÞrn og basert pÄ antall byttedyr funnet pÄ kluster var en stor andel av dietten hos kongeÞrn smÄvilt (70%), der hare og rype var de vanligste byttedyrene. Blant klauvdyr var sau (15%) og reinsdyr (9%) vanligst, men vi fant ogsÄ at kongeÞrna hadde spist pÄ elg og rÄdyr. To tredjedeler av sau- og reinkadavrene som ble funnet pÄ klustrene var sannsynligvis drept av de GPS-merkede Þrnene, mens en tredjedel var kadaver som Þrnene ikke selv hadde drept. Med et unntak var alle kongeÞrndrepte sau og rein lam eller kalv, unntaket var en voksen reinsimle. Alle de seks kongeÞrnene vi gjennomfÞrte klustersÞk pÄ drepte en eller flere reinkalver eller ett eller flere lam. Det var stor variasjon mellom individene med hensyn pÄ hvor mange reinkalver eller lam de drepte. Det var ogsÄ stor variasjon mellom ulike Är for de samme individene. Dessverre har vi totalt sett relativt lite data fra fÄ individer og fra et begrenset omrÄde, noe som gjÞr det vanskelig Ä trekke generelle konklusjoner om kongeÞrnens drapstakt pÄ sau og rein. DNA-analysene av fjÊr viste at flere av byttedyrene til de territorielle kongeÞrnene ogsÄ var besÞkt av deres partner, noe som antyder at par kan operere sammen. Dette er en adferd som er av betydning i vurderingen av det samlede preda-sjonspresset fra territorielle kongeÞrnpar. Dette studiet demonstrerer at bruk av GPS-merkede Þrner og klustersÞk kan brukes til Ä estimere bÄde diett og predasjonsrater hos territorielle og ikke-territorielle kongeÞrn. Metoden kan i teorien brukes Äret rundt, men i Norge blir bruken forelÞpig begrenset av at batteriene til GPS- senderne, som typisk lades av et solcellepanel, har begrenset kapasitet om vinteren. Ved bruk av kluster til Ä registrere byttedyr vil ikke byttedyr som tas med i sin helhet til reiret eller svelges hele, f.eks. smÄgnagere, fanges opp i sÊrlig grad, mens slike byttedyr vil fanges opp ved bruk av byttedyrundersÞkelser og viltkamera ved reir. Kluster-metodikken vil ogsÄ dokumentere ka-daver som hekkende Þrner spiser av, men som de ikke tar med til reiret. Studier pÄ reir vil risikere Ä underestimere betydningen av stÞrre byttedyr som klauvdyr og bruk av Ätsler, mens kluster-metodikken vil risikere Ä underestimere andelen mindre byttedyr i dietten. Funn av kadaver pÄ kluster vil ogsÄ oftere gi svar pÄ om byttet er drept av Þrn eller ikke, da drepte dyr vil vÊre relativt ferske.Mattisson, J., Stien, J., Kleven, O. & Stien, A. 2022. Predation studies of Golden Eagles in TrÞndelag, Norway. NINA Report 2203. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Depredation on semi-domestic reindeer and free ranging domestic sheep is a main source of human-wildlife conflict in Norway. There has recently been an increasing focus on golden eagle as a predator of livestock, however unlike the other large carnivores there is little knowledge about its role. Golden eagle is a generalist feeder and is both a predator and a scavenger. Earlier diet studies are mostly based on prey collected at nests and/ or registration of food brought to nests by adults and are therefore limited to breeding individuals between spring and late summer during the chick rearing period. These studies indicate that breeding individuals have a diet consisting mostly of small game, mainly ptarmigan and hare. Sheep and semi-domestic reindeer are also found in the majority of studies. Prey registration using the cluster method has been used for all terrestrial large carnivore species in Scandinavia except for golden eagle. The advantage of this method is that it is possible to collect information about the diet of non-breeding individu-als, both territorial and non-territorial individuals, and assess more robustly whether large prey is killed by golden eagle or not. In this report we have used GPS-data from three territorial and three non-territorial golden eagles to seen whether it is possible to use the cluster method to study the diet of golden eagle and to estimate individual golden eagle kill rates for sheep and reindeer. We have also used DNA-analyses of golden eagle feathers collected at prey-remains and from GPS-marked individuals to identify unique individuals that have visited the same prey. The results indicate that the cluster method is applicable for diet studies of golden eagle. Based on the frequency of prey found at clusters a large proportion (70%) of the diet consisted of small game, mostly ptarmigan and hare. Among livestock and wild cervids the most common prey were sheep (15%) and reindeer (9%), however we found that golden eagle also ate moose and roe deer. Two thirds of the sheep and semi-domestic reindeer carcasses found at clusters were most likely killed by the GPS-marked individuals, while a third of carcasses were not killed by these individuals. All but one sheep and reindeer killed by golden eagle were young animals, less than one year old. The exception was an adult female reindeer. For all GPS-marked individuals, we found at least one or more sheep and/ or reindeer carcasses that were killed by golden eagle, however there was a large between- individual variation and a large between-year variation within individuals. Unfortunately, we have too little data to estimate average kill rates on sheep and reindeer. DNA-analyses of eagle feathers indicated that for territorial pairs, both individuals often visited the same prey, suggesting that they share food resources to some ex-tent. This knowledge is relevant to assessing the total predation pressure on prey from territorial golden eagle. In this report, we show that the cluster method can be used to estimate both diet and predation rates of territorial and non-territorial golden eagle. In theory, the method can be used year-round, however in Norway, the time-period is restricted to the summer months due to the limitation of solar powered battery charging for the GPS devices. When using the cluster method, small prey that are swallowed whole are likely to be underestimated. However, while nest studies capture the small prey component more accurately, they will likely underestimate the proportion of large prey. Large prey is too heavy to be carried to the nest and identifying meat from nest observation studies is challenging while prey item collection will not reveal these items as meat will be con-sumed and digested. The cluster method is therefore an appropriate method to document the consumption of large prey and can often indicate whether the prey has been killed by golden eagle

    Remote sensing for monitoring grasslands’ conservation status

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    Grasslands are vital elements of the European landscape. Extensively managed, semi-natural grasslands are among the most diverse ecosystems in Europe and are crucial in maintaining landscape-scale habitat and species diversity. However, many grassland habitats are currently experiencing a decrease in conservation status, mainly due to nitrogen pollution from agriculture and traffic. Conservation status is defined here as “the sum of the influences acting on a natural habitat and its typical species that may affect its long-term survival natural distribution, structure and functions, as well as the long-term survival of its specific species within the territory.” The main objective of this research will be to assess the potential of a remote sensing-based processing chain for assessing the conservation status of grasslands. Examples of conservation status indicators are ‘presence of small ditches’ and ‘grass and shrub encroachment’. We will use diverse sources of input data (hyperspectral and LiDAR) to analyze the scientific potential of remote sensing for extracting grassland status indicators and to study the impact of spectral and spatial resolution. Finally, we will run our application on freely available images (Sentinel 2, ASTER, Landsat 8, aerial images) to assess the discrepancy between its scientific potential and its current operational status. This will allow us to formulate recommendations on the type of (satellite) sensors that need to be deployed to asses grassland conservation status with remote sensing.status: publishe

    Kalvetilgang relatert til reintetthet, snÞforhold, vÄrtidspunkt og planteproduksjon

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    Tveraa, T., Stien, A., Langeland, K., Stien, J. & Tillman, A.M. 2022. Kalvetilgang relatert til reintetthet, snÞforhold, vÄrtidspunkt og planteproduksjon. NINA Rapport 2037. Norsk institutt for naturforskning Klimaendringene griper stadig mer inn i vÄr hverdag, og effektene pÄ plante- og dyreliv blir stadig mer omfattede. Mange typiske nordlige arter er pÄ retrett, mens nye arter kommer inn fra sÞr. Samtidig ser vi at variasjon i klimatiske forhold pÄvirker overlevelse og reproduksjon hos mange arter. Forskning utfÞrt bÄde nasjonalt og internasjonalt har gitt oss viktig kunnskap om hvordan variasjon i vÊr- og beiteforhold pÄvirker overlevelse og reproduksjon. For klauvdyr som er avhengig av Ä finne mat pÄ bakken pÄvirkes mattilgangen, og derigjennom sannsynligheten for Ä produsere kalv, av hvor tilgjengelig maten er vinterstid og kvaliteten og mengden mat som er tilgjengelig gjennom sommeren. Mye snÞ, eller kompakt snÞ pÄ grunn av mildvÊr og regn kan i stor grad redusere mattilgangen vinterstid. En lang vinter/sen vÄr er med pÄ Ä redusere mattilgangen gjennom sommeren. Tilgang pÄ rikelig med mat gjennom sommeren er nÞdvendig for Ä bygge opp ressurser til Ä fostre opp en kalv og samtidig sikre nok kroppsreserver til Ä overleve neste vinter. Er det hÞye tettheter er det flere munner Ä mette og det blir mindre mat pÄ hver, vektene blir lavere og dette har konsekvenser for hvor mange simler som blir drektige og som fÄr kalv. Vi har undersÞkt hvilke forhold som pÄvirker andelen simler som blir drektige og andelen som produserer kalv i reindriften i Norge basert pÄ individdata fra 15 ulike reinflokker hvor vi har fulgt et utvalg av individmerkede simler i alt fra 1 til 17 Är. Totalt omfatter materialet nesten 6400 observasjoner av individmerkede simler for Ä fastslÄ om de har lyktes med Ä produsere kalv. I tillegg er det gjort drÞyt 3800 observasjoner av drektighet ved bruk av ultralyd. For Ä forstÄ hva som forÄrsaker variasjonen i drektighet og kalvetilgang har vi systematisert informasjon om beitekvalitet gjennom sommeren og vinteren, samt tetthet av rein pÄ sommerog vinterbeitene. Det er stor variasjon mellom de ulike flokkene i snÞforhold, hvor tidlig det blir grÞnt om vÄren og hvor stor planteproduksjon det er pÄ sommerbeitene. I tidligere studier er det vist at drektighetsraten hos simlene er nÞye relatert til simlevektene og det er ogsÄ vist at gjennomsnittlig slaktevekt pÄ kalvene om hÞsten og vinteren forklarer hvor stor andel av simlene som er drektige om vinteren/vÄren. I tillegg er det vist at snÞforhold vinterstid, tidspunkt for vÄr og planteproduksjonen om sommeren er med pÄ Ä forklare hvor stor andel av simlene som blir sett med kalv. Hvor stor andel av simlene som produserer kalv pÄvirkes dermed bÄde av hvor stor andel av simlene som blir drektige under parringen om hÞsten og hvordan beiteforholdene er gjennom den pÄfÞlgende vinteren og sommeren. Hvordan miljÞforholdene pÄvirker andelen simler som produserer kalv har imidlertid ikke vÊrt inkludert i modellene som beregner andelen simler som fÄr kalv. Andelen simler som fÄr kalv har tidligere blitt beregnet ved Ä ta utgangspunkt i kjente drektighetsrater og en antagelse om at det naturlige tapet etter fÞdsel er pÄ 6 %. Vi har videreutviklet modellapparatet slik at naturlig tidlig-dÞdelighet av kalver beregnes med utgangspunkt i snÞforholdene vinterstid, hvor tidlig det blir vÄr og hvor mye mat som er tilgjengelig pÄ sommerbeitene. Denne modellen forklarte mellom 37 og 90% av variasjonen i kalvetilgang i studieflokkene. Modellen gir ny kunnskap om hvordan reindriften pÄvirkes av beiteog miljÞforhold, og hvor stor andel av simleflokken som kan forventes Ä produsere kalv under ulike beiteforhold
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