Aplicação de recursos em manutenção e desenvolvimento do ensino: um estudo de caso do município do Rio de Janeiro 2002 - 2008

Aborda o gasto público com educação no município do Rio de Janeiro de 2002 a 2008, concentrando-se na análise da despesa com Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino. De maneira específica, este trabalho pretende verificar o cumprimento da legislação referente a esta categoria de gasto no período. O estudo verifica também o comportamento de alguns indicadores fundamentais da educação, tais como as taxas de analfabetismo e escolaridade. O estudo conclui que a legislação referente aos gastos com Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino no Município do Rio de Janeiro ao tema não é cumprida

Spatial two-particle NOON-states in periodically shaken three-well potentials

Few-particle dynamics in a three-well potential are investigated numerically. It is shown that periodically shaking the potential can considerably increase the fidelity of emerging spatial quantum superpositions. Such NOON-states are important for quantum interferometry. If the two particles initially sit in the middle well, the probability to return to this state can distinguish pure quantum dynamics from statistical mixtures. The numeric implementation of decoherence via particle losses shows clear differences from the pure quantum behaviour. A three-well lattice could be an ideal system for experimental realizations

Os enfermeiros nos países do Mercosul: estudo comparado da (i)mobilidade profissional no mercado de trabalho em saúde

"Mercosul" in the context of economic globalization constitutes the latin-american proposition of integration on "Cone-Sul" which assumes from 2006 on, free traffic of the labour force among their country-members: Brasil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Actually, the migration of qualified workers, specially on the health area, constitutes an important subject to consider and examine, since its mobility brings effects to formation of the health human resources and health service systems of the countries involved. Thus, on this study, we compare nurses situation in the socioeconomic perspective of the "Tratado de Assunção" countries in relation to formation, regulation and control of professional practive and to its insertion on health labour markets, with an eye to discuss migration perspectives of professionals on these markets. The dynamics of fuctors teorically sugested that could contribute for qualified labour migration among "Mercosul" countries didn't pointed out an expressive trend ofnurses mobility.Le Mercosul, dans le contexte de mondialisation économique, constitue un projet latino-américain d'intégration du sud-est de l' Amérique du Sud, comportant une libre circulation, des l'an 2006, des forçes de travail entre tous ses pays membres: Brésil, Argentine, Uruguay et Paraguay. La migration de travailleurs qualifiés, en particulier ceux du secteUJI de la santé, constitue actuellement un theme important de réflexion et d' analyse puisque cette mobilité devrait entrainer des répercussions pour les programmes de formation des persoI)Ilels de santé et de dispensation des services de santé des pays concemés. Une analyse comparative de la situation des infirmieres a ainsi été réalisée, dans le contexte socio-écollomique des pays du Traité d'Assomption, en fonction de la formation, de la réglementation et du contrôle de l'acte professionnel ainsi que de son actualisation dans les marchés d\l travail du domaine de la santé, afin de discuter les perspectives de migrations professionnelles dans ces marchés. La dynamique des facteurs qui, thóriquement, devraient influer sur les migrations de main d'oeuvre qualifiée ne permet pas d'identifier une tendance claire vers une mobilité des infirmieres entre les divers pays du Mercosul.O Mercosul, no contexto da globalização econômica, constitui a proposta latino-americana de integração no Cone-Sul, que pressupõe, a partir do ano 2006, o livre trânsito da força de trabalho entre os seus países-membros: Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai. A migração de trabalhadores qualificados, em especial do setor saúde, constitui, atualmente, tema importante para reflexão e análise já que a sua mobilidade traz repercussões para os sistemas formador de recursos humanos em saúde e prestador de serviços de saúde dos países envolvidos. Assim, neste estudo, analisamos comparativamente a situação dos enfermeiros, no contexto socioeconômico dos países do Tratado de Assunção, em relação à formação, regulamentação e controle do exercício profissional e à sua inserção nos mercados de trabalho em saúde, com o propósito de discutir as perspectivas de migração desses profissionais nestes mercados. A dinâmica dos fatores, teoricamente sugeridos, que concorreriam para migração de mão de obra qualificada, não permitiu apontar uma tendência significativa de mobilidade dos enfermeiros, entre os países do Mercosul

Increase on the Initial Soluble Heme Levels in Acidic Conditions Is an Important Mechanism for Spontaneous Heme Crystallization In Vitro

BACKGROUND: Hemozoin (Hz) is a heme crystal that represents a vital pathway for heme disposal in several blood-feeding organisms. Recent evidence demonstrated that β-hematin (βH) (the synthetic counterpart of Hz) formation occurs under physiological conditions near synthetic or biological hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces. This seems to require a heme dimer acting as a precursor of Hz crystals that would be formed spontaneously in the absence of the competing water molecules bound to the heme iron. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of medium polarity on spontaneous βH formation in vitro. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We assessed the effect of water content on spontaneous βH formation by using the aprotic solvent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and a series of polyethyleneglycols (PEGs). We observed that both DMSO and PEGs (3.350, 6.000, 8.000, and 22.000) increased the levels of soluble heme under acidic conditions. These compounds were able to stimulate the production of βH crystals in the absence of any biological sample. Interestingly, the effects of DMSO and PEGs on βH formation were positively correlated with their capacity to promote previous heme solubilization in acidic conditions. Curiously, a short chain polyethyleneglycol (PEG 300) caused a significant reduction in both soluble heme levels and βH formation. Finally, both heme solubilization and βH formation strongly correlated with reduced medium water activity provided by increased DMSO concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here support the notion that reduction of the water activity is an important mechanism to support spontaneous heme crystallization, which depends on the previous increase of soluble heme levels

Avaliação da produtividade de Erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) conduzida em sistema agroflorestal

TCC (graduação)- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Curitibanos. Agronomia.O cultivo de erva-mate tem importância econômica para o Brasil, sendo o produto florestal não madeireiro de maior importância no Sul do Brasil, onde é o maior produtor de do mundo. Além disso, o cultivo dessa espécie em sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) é uma alternativa para recuperação de áreas degradadas, especialmente de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e Reserva Legal (RL), gerando uma fonte de renda para pequenos agricultores. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo avaliar o crescimento de erva-mate em sistemas agroflorestais de base agroecológica em distintos níveis de cobertura de dossel e avaliar as plantas em resposta ao manejo de podas, discutindo a integração do uso software Manejo-Matte para acompanhamento do erval. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no campus Curitibanos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. A área experimental é um sistema agroflorestal estruturado como parte da estratégia de manejo de recuperação de uma área degradada por plantio de Pinus (Pinus elliottii), implantado no ano de 2012. A área é dividida em nove blocos de 500m² sendo que três desses são conduzidos com espécies medicinais e frutíferas, outros três com bracatinga e espécies agrícolas e outros três com erva-mate. Esses três blocos de erva-mate foram submetidos a avaliação de cobertura de dossel, realizada com um densiômetro convexo de Lemmon onde obteve-se a cobertura de 72,5%, 75,7% e 52,2% para bloco 1, 2 e 3 respectivamente. As plantas de erva-mate desde a implantação do SAF, em 2012, não tinham sido manejadas quanto a poda, dessa forma no ano de 2019 realizou-se a poda de formação das plantas jovens e adultas onde obteve-se um excesso de massa verde que foi contabilizado como dados de colheita, obtendo 660 kg ha-1 com uma densidade de 520 plantas ha-1 no bloco 1, 672kg ha-1 com uma densidade de 500 plantas ha-1 no bloco 2 e 462 kg ha-1 com uma densidade de 600 plantas ha-1 no bloco 3. Em 2021 procedeu-se a colheita dos indivíduos, obteve-se então 1070 kg ha-1 com uma densidade de 680 plantas ha-1 no bloco 1, 1226 kg ha-1 com uma densidade de 560 plantas ha-1 no bloco 2 e 1086 kg ha-1 com uma densidade de 620 plantas ha-1 no bloco 3. Referente ao manejo de podas de formação esse mostrou-se uma pratica de manejo fundamental tendo em vista que essa está diretamente relacionada a produtividade da erva-mate, como observado entre os anos de 2019 e 2021. Tendo em vista também que a poda de formação foi prorrogada esse também pode ser um fator que está relacionado a baixa produtividade. Porém vale ressaltar que o sistema é recente, menos de dez anos de idade, o que acaba sendo uma fonte de renda considerável para o curto prazo. O relatório emitido pelo software Manejo-Matte demostrou que houve uma evolução significativa do erval posteriormente as práticas de manejo de podas. Conclui-se que há a necessidade de correção da densidade de plantas na áreas de cultivo, sendo que constatou-se também que a prorrogação da poda de formação tem influência na produtividade assim como a densidade de cobertura do dossel. O software Manejo-Matte é de grande valia para acompanhamento do erval em sistemas agroflorestais.The yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has great social and economic importance in Brazil, being the most important non-timber forest product (NTFP) in Southern region, the largest producer of the world. In addition, the cultivation of this species in agroforestry systems (AFS) is an alternative for restoration of degraded areas, especially of Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) and Legal Reserve (RL), being a source of income for small farmers. The goal of this work is to evaluate the growth of yerba mate plants in agroecological-based agroforestry, considering different levels of canopy cover and pruning management. Also we tested the use of Manejo-Matte® software for monitoring the yerba mate cultivation. The research was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, in Curitibanos campus. The experimental area is an agroforestry structured in 2012 as a restoration strategy after removing Pinus plantation (Pinus elliottii). The area is divided into three 500m² plots. The canopy coverage was carried out with a Spherical Densiometer of Lemmon, where coverage of 72.5%, 75.7% and 52.2% was obtained for block 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Yerba mate plants had not been managed since the implementation, so in 2019 we carried out the pruning formation of young and adult plants, where the green mass was harvest and measured, obtaining 660 kg ha-1 with a density of 520 plants ha-1 in block 1, 672 kg ha-1 with a density of 500 plants ha-1 in block 2 and 462 kg ha-1 with a density of 600 plants ha-1 in block 3. In 2021 the individuals were harvested again, then 1070 kg ha-1 was obtained with a density of 680 plants ha-1 in block 1, 1226 kg ha-1 with a density of 560 plants ha-1 in block 2 and 1086 kg ha-1 with a density of 620 plants ha-1 in block 3. Regarding the formation pruning, this management proved to be a fundamental practice to agroforestry systems, considering that this is directly related to the productivity of yerba mate, as the results between the years 2019 and 2021 showed. These results were also confirmed by Manejo-Matte® software, where was possible to record a significant evolution of the yerba mate plants after the pruning management practices. We concluded that there is a important to increase the density of plants in the agroforestry areas, as well as a permanent pruning of yerba mate plants and canopy. The Manejo-Matte® software is an important tool to monitoring the yerba mate in agroforestry systems

Unsaturated glycerophospholipids mediate heme crystallization: biological implications for hemozoin formation in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus

Hemozoin (Hz) is a heme crystal produced by some blood-feeding organisms, as an efficient way to detoxify heme derived from hemoglobin digestion. In the triatomine insect Rhodnius prolixus , Hz is essentially produced by midgut extracellular phospholipid membranes known as perimicrovillar membranes (PMVM). Here, we investigated the role of commercial glycerophospholipids containing serine, choline and ethanolamine as headgroups and R. prolixus midgut lipids (RML) in heme crystallization. All commercial unsaturated forms of phospholipids, as well as RML, mediated fast and efficient β-hematin formation by means of two kinetically distinct mechanisms: an early and fast component, followed by a late and slow one. The fastest reactions observed were induced by unsaturated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine (uPE) and phosphatidylcholine (uPC), with half-lives of 0.04 and 0.7 minutes, respectively. β-hematin crystal morphologies were strikingly distinct among groups, with uPE producing homogeneous regular brick-shaped crystals. Interestingly, uPC-mediated reactions resulted in two morphologically distinct crystal populations: one less representative group of regular crystals, resembling those induced by uPE, and the other largely represented by crystals with numerous sharp edges and tapered ends. Heme crystallization reactions induced by RML were efficient, with a heme to β-hematin conversion rate higher than 70%, but clearly slower (t1/2 of 9.9-17.7 minutes) than those induced by uPC and uPE. Interestingly, crystals produced by RML were homogeneous in shape and quite similar to those mediated by uPE. Thus, β-hematin formation can be rapidly and efficiently induced by unsaturated glycerophospholipids, particularly uPE and uPC, and may play a role on biological heme crystallization in R. prolixus midgut

Audition in vampire bats, Desmodus rotundus

1. Within the tonotopic organization of the inferior colliculus two frequency ranges are well represented: a frequency range within that of the echolocation signals from 50 to 100 kHz, and a frequency band below that of the echolocation sounds, from 10 to 35 kHz. The frequency range between these two bands, from about 40 to 50 kHz is distinctly underrepresented (Fig. 3B). 2. Units with BFs in the lower frequency range (10–25 kHz) were most sensitive with thresholds of -5 to -11 dB SPL, and units with BFs within the frequency range of the echolocation signals had minimal thresholds around 0 dB SPL (Fig. 1). 3. In the medial part of the rostral inferior colliculus units were encountered which preferentially or exclusively responded to noise stimuli. — Seven neurons were found which were only excited by human breathing noises and not by pure tones, frequency modulated signals or various noise bands. These neurons were considered as a subspeciality of the larger sample of noise-sensitive neurons. — The maximal auditory sensitivity in the frequency range below that of echolocation, and the conspicuous existence of noise and breathing-noise sensitive units in the inferior colliculus are discussed in context with the foraging behavior of vampire bats

The health labor market in the South-East of Brazil: the insertion of the nursing team

O estudo tem como objetivo apontar as principais características do mercado de trabalho da enfermagem na Região Sudeste, usando como referência os dados recentes da pesquisa Assistência Médico Sanitária-AMS do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística-IBGE. Ocupando 272.398 empregos na região, a equipe de enfermagem trabalha majoritariamente no setor público de saúde e nos estabelecimentos hospitalares. Coerente com as políticas de descentralização de saúde implantadas no país, verifica-se, em 1999, a municipalização da força de trabalho de enfermagem e sinais de flexibilização do seu mercado. Diante deste contexto regional e nacional, recomenda-se a aplicação de uma pesquisa para analisar, quantitativa e qualitativamente, o atual mundo de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem.El estudio señala las características principales del mercado del trabajo en enfermería en la región sureste, usando como referencia los datos publicados recientemente por la Investigación de la Asistencia Médico- Sanitaria-AMS desarrollada por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística-IBGE. El equipo de enfermería tiene 272.398 puestos de trabajo en el sistema público de salud, sobre todo en hospitales. Consonante con la política brasileña de descentralización en salud, se observa en 1999, la municipalización de los puestos de enfermería y mayor flexibilidad de este mercado del trabajo. De acuerdo con el contexto nacional y regional, se aconseja la aplicación de una investigación para analizar, cuantitativamente y cualitativamente, el actual mercado del trabajo de enfermería.The study points out the main characteristics of the nursing labor market in the Brazilian South-East, using Medical-Sanitary Assistance-AMS research data as a reference base, which were recently published by the Brazilian Institute of National Statistics and Geography-IBGE. With 272,398 jobs in this region, the nursing team mainly works in the public health system and hospital institutions. In coherence with the Brazilian health system decentralization policies, the municipalization of nursing jobs and signs of labor market flexibility were observed in 1999. In view of this national and regional context, a research should be carried to obtain a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the current labor market for the nursing team