196 research outputs found
Treating Peri and Postnatal Depression & Anxiety
- The objective of this research is to evaluate the commonly prescribed treatment methods for prenatal and postnatal depression, focusing on the efficacy of antidepressant medications and nonpharmacologic treatments while evaluating the effects these medications have on the fetus/breastfeeding infant.
- The method of research included 15 studies completed within the past ten years on women who were pregnant or who had delivered a baby within the past 12 months. One study did evaluate long-term effects on offspring, which included a participant number of 3,342 children who were exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy. The total number of participants in the studies were 8,069 women.
- Limitations within the data are due to small sample sizes in several of the studies and few available studies that directly evaluate this population of women and children.
- Data results suggest that while cognitive group therapy does provide depression symptom improvement in prenatal and postnatal depression and anxiety, antidepressant medications tend to have a positive effect earlier in treatment. Unfortunately, many of these antidepressant medications have also been proven to have both short and long tern effects on the offspring exposed to pharmacologic treatment.https://commons.und.edu/pas-grad-posters/1023/thumbnail.jp
Treating Peri and Postnatal Depression and Anxiety
While diagnoses of depression and anxiety are not uncommon for women during pregnancy and after delivery, one of the greatest challenges in the plan of treatment is to ensure that the offspring are kept safe while the psychological well-being of the mother is appropriately cared for. The objective of this literature review is to evaluate the commonly prescribed treatment methods for prenatal and postnatal depression, focusing on the efficacy of antidepressant medications and nonpharmacologic treatments while evaluating the effects these medications have on the fetus/breastfeeding infant. The method of research included 15 studies completed within the past ten years on women who were pregnant or who had delivered a baby within the past 12 months. One study did evaluate long-term effects on offspring, which included a participant number of 3,342 children who were exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy. Two Cochrane Review evaluations were also included in this research. The total number of participants in the studies were 8,069 women. Limitations of the results were due to small sample sizes in several of the studies and few studies available that directly evaluate this population of women and children. The compiled data results suggest that while cognitive group therapy does provide depression symptom improvement in prenatal and postnatal depression and anxiety, antidepressant medications tend to have a positive effect earlier in treatment. Unfortunately, many of these antidepressant medications have also been proven to have both short and long tern effects on the offspring exposed to pharmacologic treatment
Noble gas signatures in Greenland : tracing glacial meltwater sources
Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 42 (2015): 9311–9318, doi:10.1002/2015GL065778.This study represents the first comprehensive noble gas study in glacial meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet. It shows that most samples are in disequilibrium with surface collection conditions. A preliminary Ne and Xe analysis suggests that about half of the samples equilibrated at a temperature of ~0°C and altitudes between 1000 m and 2000 m, with a few samples pointing to lower equilibration altitudes and temperatures between 2°C and 5°C. Two samples suggest an origin as melted ice and complete lack of equilibration with surface conditions. A helium component analysis suggests that this glacial meltwater was isolated from the atmosphere prior to the 1950s, with most samples yielding residence times ≤ 420 years. Most samples represent a mixture between a dominant atmospheric component originating as precipitation and basal meltwater or groundwater, which has accumulated crustal 4He over time.University of Michigan; Packard Foundation; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Turner fellowship2016-05-0
Microbial communities of the Lemon Creek Glacier show subtle structural variation yet stable phylogenetic composition over space and time
Glaciers are geologically important yet transient ecosystems that support diverse, biogeochemically significant microbial communities. During the melt season glaciers undergo dramatic physical, geochemical and biological changes that exert great influence on downstream biogeochemical cycles. Thus, we sought to understand the temporal melt-season dynamics of microbial communities and associated geochemistry at the terminus of Lemon Creek Glacier (LCG) in coastal southern Alaska. Due to late season snowfall, sampling of LCG occurred in three interconnected areas: proglacial Lake Thomas, the lower glacial outflow stream and the glacier’s terminus. LCG associated microbial communities were phylogenetically diverse and varied by sampling location. However, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated communities at all sampling locations. Strict anaerobic groups such as methanogens, SR1, and OP11 were also recovered from glacier outflows, indicating anoxic conditions in at least some portions of the LCG subglacial environment. Microbial community structure was significantly correlated with sampling location and sodium concentrations. Microbial communities sampled from terminus outflow waters exhibited day-to-day fluctuation in taxonomy and phylogenetic similarity. However, these communities were not significantly different from randomly constructed communities from all three sites. These results indicate that glacial outflows share a large proportion of phylogenetic overlap with downstream environments and that the observed significant shifts in community structure are driven by changes in relative abundance of different taxa, and not complete restructuring of communities. We conclude that LCG glacial discharge hosts a diverse and relatively stable microbiome that shifts at fine taxonomic scales in response to geochemistry and likely water residence time
Global silicate weathering flux over-estimated because of sediment-water cation exchange
Rivers carry the dissolved and solid products of silicate mineral
weathering, a process that removes CO2 from the atmosphere and
provides a key negative climate feedback over geological timescales.
Here we show that in some river systems, a reactive exchange pool
on river suspended particulate matter, bonded weakly to mineral
surfaces, increases the mobile cation flux by 50%. The chemistry
of both river waters and the exchange pool demonstrate exchange
equilibrium, confirmed by Sr isotopes. Global silicate weathering
fluxes are calculated based on riverine dissolved sodium (Na+) from
silicate minerals. The large exchange pool supplies Na+ of non-
silicate origin to the dissolved load, especially in catchments with
widespread marine sediments, or where rocks have equilibrated with
saline basement fluids. We quantify this by comparing the riverine
sediment exchange pool and river water chemistry. In some basins,
cation exchange could account for the majority of sodium in the
river water, significantly reducing estimates of silicate weathering.
At a global scale, we demonstrate that silicate weathering fluxes
are over-estimated by 12-28%. This over-estimation is greatest in
regions of high erosion and high sediment loads where the negative
climate feedback has a maximum sensitivity to chemical weathering
reactions. In the context of other recent findings that reduce the
net CO2 consumption through chemical weathering, the magnitude
of the continental silicate weathering fluxes and its implications for
solid Earth CO2 degassing fluxes needs to be further investigated.NER
A Lack of Variability Between Repeated Spitzer Phase Curves of WASP-43b
Though the global atmospheres of hot Jupiters have been extensively studied
using phase curve observations, the level of time variability in these data is
not well constrained. To investigate possible time variability in a planetary
phase curve, we observed two full-orbit phase curves of the hot Jupiter
WASP-43b at 4.5 microns using the Spitzer Space Telescope, and reanalyzed a
previous 4.5 micron phase curve from Stevenson et al. (2017). We find no
significant time variability between these three phase curves, which span
timescales of weeks to years. The three observations are best fit by a single
phase curve with an eclipse depth of 3907 +- 85 ppm, a dayside-integrated
brightness temperature of 1479 +- 13 K, a nightside-integrated brightness
temperature of 755 +- 46 K, and an eastward-shifted peak of 10.4 +- 1.8
degrees. To model our observations, we performed 3D general circulation model
simulations of WASP-43b with simple cloud models of various vertical extents.
In comparing these simulations to our observations, we find that WASP-43b
likely has a cloudy nightside that transitions to a relatively cloud-free
dayside. We estimate that any change in WASP-43bs vertical cloud thickness of
more than three pressure scale heights is inconsistent with our observed upper
limit on variation. These observations, therefore, indicate that WASP-43bs
clouds are stable in their vertical and spatial extent over timescales up to
several years. These results strongly suggest that atmospheric properties
derived from previous, single Spitzer phase curve observations of hot Jupiters
likely show us the equilibrium properties of these atmospheres.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, Published in the Astronomical Journal (AJ
Design and Performance of A High Resolution Micro-Spec: An Integrated Sub-Millimeter Spectrometer
Micro-Spec is a compact sub-millimeter (approximately 100 GHz--1:1 THz) spectrometer which uses low loss superconducting microstrip transmission lines and a single-crystal silicon dielectric to integrate all of the components of a diffraction grating spectrometer onto a single chip. We have already successfully evaluated the performance of a prototype Micro-Spec, with spectral resolving power, R=64. Here we present our progress towards developing a higher resolution Micro-Spec, which would enable the first science returns in a balloon flight version of this instrument. We describe modifications to the design in scaling from a R=64 to a R=256 instrument, as well as the ultimate performance limits and design concerns when scaling this instrument to higher resolutions
WISE/NEOWISE Preliminary Analysis and Highlights of the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Near Nucleus Environs
On January 18-19 and June 28-29 of 2010, the Wide-field Infrared Survey
Explorer (WISE) spacecraft imaged the Rosetta mission target, comet
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We present a preliminary analysis of the images,
which provide a characterization of the dust environment at heliocentric
distances similar to those planned for the initial spacecraft encounter, but on
the outbound leg of its orbit rather than the inbound. Broad-band photometry
yields low levels of CO2 production at a comet heliocentric distance of 3.32 AU
and no detectable production at 4.18 AU. We find that at these heliocentric
distances, large dust grains with mean grain diameters on the order of a
millimeter or greater dominate the coma and evolve to populate the tail. This
is further supported by broad-band photometry centered on the nucleus, which
yield an estimated differential dust particle size distribution with a power
law relation that is considerably shallower than average. We set a 3-sigma
upper limit constraint on the albedo of the large-grain dust at <= 0.12. Our
best estimate of the nucleus radius (1.82 +/- 0.20 km) and albedo (0.04 +/-
0.01) are in agreement with measurements previously reported in the literature
Acute alcohol consumption and secondary psychopathic traits increase ratings of the attractiveness and health of ethnic ingroup faces but not outgroup faces
Studies have consistently shown that both consumption of acute amounts of alcohol, and elevated antisocial psychopathic traits, are associated with an impaired ability for prepotent response inhibition. This may manifest as a reduced ability to inhibit prepotent race biased responses. Here we tested the effects of acute alcohol consumption, and elevated antisocial psychopathic traits, on judgments of the attractiveness and health of ethnic ingroup and outgroup faces. In the first study we show that following acute alcohol consumption, at a dose that is sufficient to result in impaired performance on tests of executive function, Caucasian participants judged White faces to be more attractive and healthier compared to when sober. However, this effect did not extend to Black faces. A similar effect was found in a second study involving sober Caucasian participants where secondary psychopathic traits were related to an intergroup bias in the ratings of attractiveness for White versus Black faces. These results are discussed in terms of a model which postulates that poor prefrontal functioning leads to increases in ingroup liking as a result of impaired abilities for prepotent response inhibition
- …