Current requirements for polymeric biomaterials in otolaryngology

In recent years otolaryngology was strongly influenced by newly developed implants which are based on both, innovative biomaterials and novel implant technologies. Since the biomaterials are integrated into biological systems they have to fulfill all technical requirements and accommodate biological interactions. Technical functionality relating to implant specific mechanical properties, a sufficiently high stability in terms of physiological conditions, and good biocompatibility are the demands with regard to suitability of biomaterials. The goal in applying biomaterials for implants is to maintain biofunctionality over extended periods of time. These general demands to biomaterials are equally valid for use in otolaryngology. Different classes of materials can be utilized as biomaterials. Metals belong to the oldest biomaterials. In addition, alloys, ceramics, inorganic glasses and composites have been tested successfully. Furthermore, natural and synthetic polymers are widely used materials, which will be in the focus of the current article with regard to their properties and usage as cochlear implants, osteosynthesis implants, stents, and matrices for tissue engineering. Due to their application as permanent or temporary implants materials are differentiated into biostable and biodegradable polymers. The here identified general and up to date requirements for biomaterials and the illustrated applications in otolaryngology emphasize ongoing research efforts in this area and at the same time demonstrate the high significance of interdisciplinary cooperation between natural sciences, engineering, and medical sciences

Current requirements for polymeric biomaterials in otolaryngology

In recent years otolaryngology was strongly influenced by newly developed implants which are based on both, innovative biomaterials and novel implant technologies. Since the biomaterials are integrated into biological systems they have to fulfill all technical requirements and accommodate biological interactions. Technical functionality relating to implant specific mechanical properties, a sufficiently high stability in terms of physiological conditions, and good biocompatibility are the demands with regard to suitability of biomaterials. The goal in applying biomaterials for implants is to maintain biofunctionality over extended periods of time. These general demands to biomaterials are equally valid for use in otolaryngology. Different classes of materials can be utilized as biomaterials. Metals belong to the oldest biomaterials. In addition, alloys, ceramics, inorganic glasses and composites have been tested successfully. Furthermore, natural and synthetic polymers are widely used materials, which will be in the focus of the current article with regard to their properties and usage as cochlear implants, osteosynthesis implants, stents, and matrices for tissue engineering. Due to their application as permanent or temporary implants materials are differentiated into biostable and biodegradable polymers. The here identified general and up to date requirements for biomaterials and the illustrated applications in otolaryngology emphasize ongoing research efforts in this area and at the same time demonstrate the high significance of interdisciplinary cooperation between natural sciences, engineering, and medical sciences

Funktionalisierte, degradierbare Polymerbeschichtungen zur lokalen Freisetzung von Wirkstoffen: Entwicklung und Charakterisierung von Drug-Eluting Stents für verschiedene medizinische Indikatione

Gegenstand der Untersuchungen war die Entwicklung wirkstofffreisetzender Stents, so genannter Drug-Eluting Stents (DES), für ihre Anwendung in der Kardiologie, Gefäßchirurgie und Urologie sowie die Charakterisierung der DES hinsichtlich ihrer Funktionalität in vitro und in vivo. Um späte Fremdkörperreaktionen zu vermeiden, wurden degradierbare polymere Stentgrundkörper und -beschichtungen entwickelt. Durch die Art des Polymers, die Schichtdicke, den Schichtaufbau und den Wirkstoffanteil in der Beschichtung wurde die Wirkstofffreisetzung gezielt beeinflusst. Alternativ wurde die nasschemische Wirkstoffankopplung an die Oberfläche der Polymerbeschichtungen untersucht.The purpose of the investigations was the development of drug-eluting stents (DES) for applications in cardiology, vessel surgery and urology, and the characterization of DES regarding their functionality in vitro and in vivo. In order to avoid late foreign body reactions degradable polymeric stent bodies and stent coatings were developed. The drug release behaviour was controlled by the choice of polymer, the layer thickness, the layer composition and the drug content in the coating. Alternatively, the wet chemical linkage of drugs on the surface of the polymeric coatings was studied

Разработка технологического процесса изготовления штока 2М138И.01.06.030 СБ

Раздел "Объект и методы исследования" содержит служебное назначение изделия, расчет годовой программы выпуска изделия. Раздел "Расчеты и аналитика" содержит выбор баз, разработку маршрута технологического процесса, выбор оборудования и средств технологического оснащения, расчёт припусков на обработку. В разделе "Результаты проведённого исследования" приведено описание конструкции и расчёт приспособления. Раздел "Социальная ответственность" посвящён вопросам безопасной работы на участке и пожарной безопасности. В разделе "Финансовый менеджмент, ресурсоэффективность и ресурсосбережение" рассчитана себестоимость изготовления детали.The section "Object and methods of research" contains the service purpose of the product, the calculation of the annual production program of the product. The section "Calculations and Analytics" contains the selection of bases, development of the route of the process. In the Section "Results of the research contains" the description of design and calculation of the adaptation. The section "Social responsibility" is devoted to the issues of safe work on the site and fire safety. In the section "Financial management, resource efficiency and resource saving" calculated the cost of manufacturing parts

PI3K/p110α inhibition selectively interferes with arterial thrombosis and neointima formation, but not re-endothelialization: potential implications for drug-eluting stent design

Background Impaired re-endothelialization and stent thrombosis are a safety concern associated with drug-eluting stents (DES). PI3K/p110α controls cellular wound healing pathways, thereby representing an emerging drug target to modulate vascular homoeostasis after injury. Methods and results PI3K/p110α was inhibited by treatment with the small molecule inhibitor PIK75 or a specific siRNA. Arterial thrombosis, neointima formation, and re-endothelialization were studied in a murine carotid artery injury model. Proliferation and migration of human vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and endothelial cell (EC) were assessed by cell number and Boyden chamber, respectively. Endothelial senescence was evaluated by the β-galactosidase assay, endothelial dysfunction by organ chambers for isometric tension. Arterial thrombus formation was delayed in mice treated with PIK75 when compared with controls. PIK75 impaired arterial expression and activity of tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1); in contrast, plasma clotting and platelet aggregation did not differ. In VSMC and EC, PIK75 inhibited expression and activity of TF and PAI-1. These effects occurred at the transcriptional level via the RhoA signalling cascade and the transcription factor NFkB. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K/p110α with PIK75 or a specific siRNA selectively impaired proliferation and migration of VSMC while sparing EC completely. Treatment with PIK75 did not induce endothelial senescence nor inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxations. In line with this observation, treatment with PIK75 selectively inhibited neointima formation without affecting re-endothelialization following vascular injury. Conclusion Following vascular injury, PI3K/p110α inhibition selectively interferes with arterial thrombosis and neointima formation, but not re-endothelialization. Hence, PI3K/p110α represents an attractive new target in DES desig

Immunogenic Salivary Proteins of Triatoma infestans: Development of a Recombinant Antigen for the Detection of Low-Level Infestation of Triatomines

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease with 20 million people at risk in Latin America. The main control strategies are based on insecticide spraying to eliminate the domestic vectors, the most effective of which is Triatoma infestans. This approach has been very successful in some areas. However, there is a constant risk of recrudescence in once-endemic regions resulting from the re-establishment of T. infestans and the invasion of other triatomine species. To detect low-level infestations of triatomines after insecticide spraying, we have developed a new epidemiological tool based on host responses against salivary antigens of T. infestans. We identified and synthesized a highly immunogenic salivary protein. This protein was used successfully to detect differences in the infestation level of T. infestans of households in Bolivia and the exposure to other triatomine species. The development of such an exposure marker to detect low-level infestation may also be a useful tool for other disease vectors