The New Logic of William van Orman Quine and Its Significance for the Development of Logic in Brazil

Review of the book: Willard Van Orman Quine, The Significance of the New Logic, edited and translated by Walter Carnielli, Frederique Janssen-Lauret and William Pickering, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018, 224 pages, Online ISBN: 9781316831809. DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316831809"> http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316831809</a>

The Logical Consistency of Simultaneous Agnostic Hypothesis Tests.

Simultaneous hypothesis tests can fail to provide results that meet logical requirements. For example, if A and B are two statements such that A implies B, there exist tests that, based on the same data, reject B but not A. Such outcomes are generally inconvenient to statisticians (who want to communicate the results to practitioners in a simple fashion) and non-statisticians (confused by conflicting pieces of information). Based on this inconvenience, one might want to use tests that satisfy logical requirements. However, Izbicki and Esteves shows that the only tests that are in accordance with three logical requirements (monotonicity, invertibility and consonance) are trivial tests based on point estimation, which generally lack statistical optimality. As a possible solution to this dilemma, this paper adapts the above logical requirements to agnostic tests, in which one can accept, reject or remain agnostic with respect to a given hypothesis. Each of the logical requirements is characterized in terms of a Bayesian decision theoretic perspective. Contrary to the results obtained for regular hypothesis tests, there exist agnostic tests that satisfy all logical requirements and also perform well statistically. In particular, agnostic tests that fulfill all logical requirements are characterized as region estimator-based tests. Examples of such tests are provided

Randomization and Fair Judgment in Law and Science

Randomization procedures are used in legal and statistical applications, aiming to shield important decisions from spurious influences. This article gives an intuitive introduction to randomization and examines some intended consequences of its use related to truthful statistical inference and fair legal judgment. This article also presents an open-code Java implementation for a cryptographically secure, statistically reliable, transparent, traceable, and fully auditable randomization tool

Optimization Models for Reaction Networks: Information Divergence, Quadratic Programming and Kirchhoff’s Laws.

This article presents a simple derivation of optimization models for reaction networks leading to a generalized form of the mass-action law, and compares the formal structure of Minimum Information Divergence, Quadratic Programming and Kirchhoff type network models. These optimization models are used in related articles to develop and illustrate the operation of ontology alignment algorithms and to discuss closely connected issues concerning the epistemological and statistical significance of sharp or precise hypotheses in empirical science

Construtivismo cognitivo e estatística bayesiana

Neste artigo, algumas questões epistemológicas, ontológicas e sociológicas concernentes à significância estatística de hipóteses precisas na pesquisa científica são investigadas dentro do arcabouço fornecido pelo construtivismo cognitivo e do FBST - o teste completo de significância bayesiana. O arcabouço construtivista é contrastado com o da teoria da decisão e o do falsificacionismo, os cenários epistemológicos tradicionais para a estatística bayesiana ortodoxa e para a estatística freqüentista.In this paper, some epistemological, ontological, and sociological issues are investigated, concerning the statistical significance of sharp hypotheses in scientific research, within the framework offered by cognitive constructivism and FBST - the full Bayesian significance test. The constructivist framework is contrasted to those furnished by decision theory and falsificationism, the traditional epistemological approaches to orthodox Bayesian statistics and to frequentist statistics

Verstehen (causal/interpretative understanding), Erklaeren (law-governed description/prediction), and Empirical Legal Studies.

Comments presented at the 35th International Seminar on the -- New Institutional Economics -- Empirical Methods for the Law; Syracuse, 2018

Bayesian Evidence Test for Precise Hypotheses

The full Bayesian signi/cance test (FBST) for precise hypotheses is presented, with some illustrative applications. In the FBST we compute the evidence against the precise hypothesis. We discuss some of the theoretical properties of the FBST, and provide an invariant formulation for coordinate transformations, provided a reference density has been established. This evidence is the probability of the highest relative surprise set, “tangential” to the sub-manifold (of the parameter space) that defines the null hypothesis