Recent History of Federal Support For Rural Education

Rural interests have long argued that the federal government is insensitive to the needs of rural schools, or worse, that a widespread anti-rural, pro-urban bias permeates all levels of the federal policy communities

Mapping the research task for the construction of a federal system for classifying the nation's rural school districts

The current efforts underway at the federal level to better understand the diversity in the public school universe must acknowledge the increasingly apparent differences in the nation's large rural-school component

Aggressive Interactions of Rocky Mountain Elk, Cervus elaphus nelsoni, During the Calving Season Toward Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, in Central Colorado

We documented four aggressive interactions between Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus elaphus) and Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) during the Elk calving season of June and July 1995. In one case, we believe a fawn Mule Deer was killed by two cow Elk. In the other three cases, Elk chased Mule Deer away from an area where they were grazing. These incidents are of interest because documentation of such interactions between Elk and Mule Deer is sparse in the scientific literature and because of the concern about declining Mule Deer populations throughout the western United States

Factors Influencing Depression and Anxiety among Black Sexual Minority Men

The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationships between depression and anxiety, and ethnic and sexual identity development, and discrimination and harassment (DH) among Black sexual minority men. Additional aims were to determine whether an interaction effect existed between ethnic and sexual identity and whether coping skills level moderated these relationships. Using an observational cross-sectional design, 54 participants recruited through snowball sampling completed self-administered online surveys. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used. Sixty-four percent of the variance in depression scores and 53% of the variance in anxiety scores were explained by DH and internalized homonegativity together. Thirty percent of the sample had scale scores indicating likelihood of depression and anxiety. Experience of DH and internalized homonegativity explained a large portion of the variability in depression and anxiety among Black sexual minority men. The study showed high prevalence of mental distress among this sample

Effect of stroke location on the laryngeal cough reflex and pneumonia risk

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of developing pneumonia in acute stroke patients comparing the early anatomical stroke location and laryngeal cough reflex (LCR) testing. Methods A prospective study of 818 consecutive acute stroke patients utilizing a reflex cough test (RCT), which assesses the neurological status of the LCR compared to magnetic resonance imaging or computerized tomography for stroke location and subsequent pneumonia outcome. Stroke diagnosis and stroke location were made by a neurologist and clinical radiologist, respectively; both were blinded to the RCT results. Results Brainstem (p-value < .007) and cerebral strokes (p-value < .005) correlated with the RCT results and pneumonia outcome. Of the 818 patients, 35 (4.3%) developed pneumonia. Of the 736 (90%) patients who had a normal RCT, 26 (3.5%) developed pneumonia, and of the 82 (10%) patients with an abnormal RCT, 9 (11%) developed pneumonia despite preventive interventions (p-value < .005). The RCT had no serious adverse events. Conclusion The RCT acted as a reflex hammer or percussor of the LCR and neurological airway protection and indicated pneumonia risk. Despite stroke location, patients may exhibit "brainstem shock," a global neurological condition involving a transient or permanent impairment of respiratory drive, reticular activating system or LCR. Recovery of these functions may indicate emergence from brainstem shock, and help predict morbidity and mortality outcome.Peer Reviewe

Active Vibration Control Device

An active vibration control device for controlling vibration in a cantilevered member and a method for the same are disclosed. The device is comprised of a cantilevered member having a longitudinal axis comprising a sensor mounted near the free end of the member to measure motion of the member in a transverse direction and to produce a corresponding signal. A force generating assembly is mounted to the member near the free end to oppose the measured motion with a force thereby minimizing subsequent motion along the transverse axis caused by vibration