Turbulence driven by outflow-blown cavities in the molecular cloud of NGC 1333

Outflows from young stellar objects have been identified as a possible source of turbulence in molecular clouds. To investigate the relationship between outflows, cloud dynamics and turbulence, we compare the kinematics of the molecular gas associated with NGC 1333, traced in 13CO(1-0), with the distribution of young stellar objects (YSOs) within. We find a velocity dispersion of ~ 1-1.6 km/s in 13CO that does not significantly vary across the cloud, and is uncorrelated with the number of nearby young stellar outflows identified from optical and submillimeter observations. However, from velocity channel maps we identify about 20 cavities or depressions in the 13CO intensity of scales > 0.1-0.2 pc and velocity widths 1-3 km/s. The cavities exhibit limb brightened rims in both individual velocity channel maps and position velocity diagrams, suggesting that they are slowly expanding. We interpret these cavities to be remnants of past YSO outflow activity: If these cavities are presently empty, they would fill in on time scales of a million years. This can exceed the lifetime of a YSO outflow phase, or the transit time of the central star through the cavity, explaining the the absence of any clear correlation between the cavities and YSO outflows. We find that the momentum and energy deposition associated with the expansion of the cavities is sufficient to power the turbulence in the cloud. In this way we conclude that the cavities are an important intermediary step between the conversion of YSO outflow energy and momentum into cloud turbulent motions.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Check out http://astro.pas.rochester.edu/~aquillen/coolpics.html for channel map and PosVel movies of N133

Effect of Personalized Incentives on Dietary Quality of Groceries Purchased A Randomized Crossover Trial

Importance Many factors are associated with food choice. Personalized interventions could help improve dietary intake by using individual purchasing preferences to promote healthier grocery purchases. Objective To test whether a healthy food incentive intervention using an algorithm incorporating customer preferences, purchase history, and baseline diet quality improves grocery purchase dietary quality and spending on healthy foods. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a 9-month randomized clinical crossover trial (AB–BA) with a 2- to 4-week washout period between 3-month intervention periods. Participants included 224 loyalty program members at an independent Rhode Island supermarket who completed baseline questionnaires and were randomized from July to September 2018 to group 1 (AB) or group 2 (BA). Data analysis was performed from September 2019 to May 2020. Intervention Participants received personalized weekly coupons with nutrition education during the intervention period (A) and occasional generic coupons with nutrition education during the control period (B). An automated study algorithm used customer data to allocate personalized healthy food incentives to participant loyalty cards. All participants received a 5% grocery discount. Main Outcomes and Measures Grocery Purchase Quality Index–2016 (GPQI-16) scores (range, 0-75, with higher scores denoting healthier purchases) and percentage spending on targeted foods were calculated from cumulative purchasing data. Participants in the top and bottom 1% of spending were excluded. Paired t tests examined between-group differences. Results The analytical sample included 209 participants (104 in group 1 and 105 in group 2), with a mean (SD) age of 55.4 (14.0) years. They were predominantly non-Hispanic White (193 of 206 participants [94.1%]) and female (187 of 207 participants [90.3%]). Of 161 participants with income data, 81 (50.3%) had annual household incomes greater than or equal to $100 000. Paired t tests showed that the intervention increased GPQI-16 scores (between-group difference, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.27-1.86; P = .01) and percentage spending on targeted foods (between-group difference, 1.38%; 95% CI, 0.08%-2.69%; P = .04). During the initial intervention period, group 1 (AB) and group 2 (BA) had similar mean (SD) GPQI-16 scores (41.2 [6.6] vs 41.0 [7.5]) and mean (SD) percentage spending on targeted healthy foods (32.0% [10.8%] vs 31.0% [10.5%]). During the crossover intervention period, group 2 had a higher mean (SD) GPQI-16 score than group 1 (42.9 [7.7] vs 41.0 [6.8]) and mean (SD) percentage spending on targeted foods (34.0% [12.1%] vs 32.0% [13.1%]). Conclusions and Relevance This pilot trial demonstrated preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of a novel personalized healthy food incentive algorithm to improve grocery purchase dietary quality. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0374805

Model-Independent Global Constraints on New Physics

Using effective-lagrangian techniques we perform a systematic survey of the lowest-dimension effective interactions through which heavy physics might manifest itself in present experiments. We do not restrict ourselves to special classes of effective interactions (such as `oblique' corrections). We compute the effects of these operators on all currently well-measured electroweak observables, both at low energies and at the $Z$ resonance, and perform a global fit to their coefficients. Despite the fact that a great many operators arise in our survey, we find that most are quite strongly bounded by the current data. We use our survey to systematically identify those effective interactions which are {\it not} well-bounded by the data -- these could very well include large new-physics contributions. Our results may also be used to efficiently confront specific models for new physics with the data, as we illustrate with an example.Comment: plain TeX, 68 pages, 2 figures (postscript files appended), McGill-93/12, NEIPH-93-008, OCIP/C-93-6, UQAM-PHE-93/08, UdeM-LPN-TH-93-15

Etiological distinction of working memory components in relation to mathematics.

Working memory has been consistently associated with mathematics achievement, although the etiology of these relations remains poorly understood. The present study examined the genetic and environmental underpinnings of math story problem solving, timed calculation, and untimed calculation alongside working memory components in 12-year-old monozygotic (n = 105) and same-sex dizygotic (n = 143) twin pairs. Results indicated significant phenotypic correlation between each working memory component and all mathematics outcomes (r = 0.18 - 0.33). Additive genetic influences shared between the visuo-spatial sketchpad and mathematics achievement was significant, accounting for roughly 89% of the observed correlation. In addition, genetic covariance was found between the phonological loop and math story problem solving. In contrast, despite there being a significant observed relationship between phonological loop and timed and untimed calculation, there was no significant genetic or environmental covariance between the phonological loop and timed or untimed calculation skills. Further analyses indicated that genetic overlap between the visuo-spatial sketchpad and math story problem solving and math fluency was distinct from general genetic factors, whereas g, phonological loop, and mathematics shared generalist genes. Thus, although each working memory component was related to mathematics, the etiology of their relationships may be distinct

A. ostenfeldii und Salinität: Untersuchung von Toxinprofilen zur Bewertung der Hypothese der Salinitätsabhängigkeit von Toxinprofilen

Alexandrium ostenfeldii ist ein wichtiger Vertreter mariner planktischer Dinoflagellaten. Von dieser Art ist bekannt, dass sie in der Lage ist, drei verschiedene Arten von Algentoxinen zu produzieren. Dabei handelt es sich um Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) (vgl. Kapitel 5.2), Spirolide (vgl. Kapitel 5.3.1) und die strukturell verwandten Gymnodimine (vgl. Kapitel 5.3.2). Die Toxinprofile unterschiedlicher Populationen unterscheiden sich je nach geographischer Region in Zusammensetzung und produzierter Menge der Toxine. PST sind sehr gut untersucht, da sie potente Neurotoxine sind und mehrfach Vergiftungen beim Menschen verursacht haben, von denen einige zu Todesfällen geführt haben. Diese Dinoflagellaten treten normalerweise in geringen Konzentrationen zusammen mit anderen dominanten Spezies auf und haben deswegen bisher eine geringe Bedrohung für Aquakulturen oder Ähnliches dargestellt. In den letzten Jahren wurden vermehrt dichte monospezifische Blüten von A. ostenfeldii beobachtet. Diese treten hauptsächlich in Brackwassersystemen mit geringeren Salinitäten als im offenen Ozean auf. Dies ist ein Grund, warum bisher relativ wenig über die von A. ostenfeldii produzierten Toxine und deren Zusammenhänge untereinander bekannt ist und in den letzten Jahren vermehrt Forschungsinteresse aufgekommen ist. Dabei gibt es erste Hinweise, dass die Toxinvariabilität weit größer ist als bisher bekannt. Die Ursache für das Vorkommen variabler Toxinprofile und ob eine Korrelation zwischen den drei Toxingruppen besteht, ist unklar. Es gibt Stämme, die lediglich eine Toxinart produzieren und wiederum Stämme welche alle drei Arten produzieren. Die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Hypothese besagt, dass A. ostenfeldii Kulturen in Brackwassersystemen mit geringeren Salinitäten als im offenen Ozean ein komplexeres Toxinprofil mit Toxinen aller drei Toxingruppen ausbilden. Kulturen aus marinen Bedingungen produzieren im Vergleich dazu nur Toxine einer Gruppe, der Spirolide. Zusätzlich soll eine weitere Hypothese überprüft werden, wonach ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Produktion von Gymnodiminen und PST besteht. In dieser Arbeit werden dazu die Toxinprofile verschiedener bisher nicht untersuchter Stämme aus Chile, Argentinien, Kanada, dem Limfjord (Dänemark), der Nordsee, dem Kattegat, Norwegen und den Niederlanden mittels Tandem-Massenspektrometrie und HPLC-FLD analysiert. Um weitere Informationen über das Toxinprofil zu erhalten, werden diese Stämme neben den bekannten Toxinen auf bisher unbekannte Toxine untersucht. Darüber hinaus sollen weitere Informationen über den Zusammenhang der unterschiedlichen Toxingruppen gewonnen werden und durch den Vergleich der Ergebnisse eventuelle Zusammenhänge in den Toxinprofilen aufgeklärt werden. Die durchgeführte Analyse ergab zwei bisher unbekannte Gymnodimine, sechs zusätzliche Spirolide sowie zehn weitere Verbindungen, bei denen es sich ebenfalls um Spirolide handelt, für die jedoch keine Struktur mit ausreichender Sicherheit erklärt werden konnte (vgl. Kapitel 8.1)