Recherches de substances antitumorales à partir de ganodermes et autres polypores récoltés dans les îles françaises des petites Antilles et contribution à l'inventaire des Ganodermataceae de Martinique, Guadeloupe et dépendances

Initially, the present study summarize the knowledge about the family Ganodermataceae in the French West Indies, after an exhaustive analysis of available literature and after their personal collections, gathered during 7 field-trips in Guadeloupe and Martinique (2003-2008). Sixty-four collections were examined, along with several types of species described from The Neotropics (Ganoderma dussii Pat., G. pulverulentum Murrill, G. subfornicatum Murrill, G. tuberculosum Murrill). Fifteen taxa are recognized for the F.W.I., after morphological characters, each of them here described, illustrated or discussed. Current phylogenetic work supports the adopted taxonomic outline. The following species are recorded for the first time in the F.W.I.: Ganoderma amazonense Weir, Ganoderma' flaviporum (Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter, Ganoderma subamboinense (P. Henn.) Bazzalo & J.E. Wright, Ganoderma tuberculosum Murrill. Incidentally, G. subfornicatum Murrill is mentioned for the first time from French Guiana. In the second place, our investigations aimed to compare antiproliferative activities of different methanolic extracts from French-Antillean and Guianese species of Ganodermataceae Donk and two reference species: European G. lucidum and Asian G. lucidum, on human prostate cancer (PC-3), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human colon adenocarcinoma grade II HT29. We demonstrated that some Neotropical Ganoderma such as Ganoderma aff. tuberculosum could also inhibit the growth of cancer cells as well as or better than G. lucidum which is used in traditional Asian Medicine and European G. lucidum. Standards GA A, GA DM and GA F previously reported to have antiproliferative activities were not found in methanolic extracts of Ganoderma aff. tuberculosum. On the contrary methanolic extracts of these specimens contain the same major, and at present undescribed, ganoderic acid FWI. This one did not show any significant activity on PC3, MCF-7 and HT29 cell lines with IC50 values > 100 µM . Moreover, this study showed that antiproliferative activity from European G. lucidum is similar to the G. lucidum traditionally used in Asian medicine except for HT29 cancer cells where no activity has been demonstrated for the Asian species. Our study illustrates the importance of reliable taxonomic investigations, along with traditional and molecular methods, in order to identify unambiguously the species containing specific molecules with antitumoral activities.En premier lieu, notre travail résume l'état des connaissances sur les Ganodermataceae des Antilles françaises, en se basant sur l'analyse exhaustive de la littérature et sur les récoltes personnelles que nous avons effectuées au cours de 7 missions sur le terrain, en Guadeloupe et en Martinique (2003- 2008). Soixante quatre collections ont été examinées, ainsi que plusieurs types d'espèces décrites des Néotropiques (Ganoderma dussii Pat., G. pulverulentum Murrill, G. subfornicatum Murrill, G. tuberculosum Murrill). Au total, quinze taxons ont été identifiés dans les Antilles françaises. Les caractères morphologiques de chaque espèce ont fait l'objet d'une description méticuleuse, d'une illustration sur planche ainsi que d'une discussion. De plus, chacune de nos hypothèses portées sur l'identité des espèces s'appuie sur des résultats phylogénétiques. Les espèces suivantes sont citées pour la première fois aux Antilles : Ganoderma amazonense Weir, Ganoderma flaviporum (Murill) Sacc.& Trotter, Ganoderma subamboinense (P. Hennings) Bazzalo & Wright, Ganoderma tuberculosum Murril. En second lieu, nos recherches ont porté sur la comparaison des activités antiprolifératives de différents extraits méthanoliques de Ganodermataceae Donk récoltés aux Antilles et Guyane françaises et de deux espèces de référence : Ganoderma lucidum européen et ‘Ganoderma lucidum' asiatique, sur cellules cancéreuses humaines de type prostatique (PC-3), mammaires (MCF- 7) et colorectal (HT-29). Nous avons démontré que certains ganodermes néotropicaux tel le Ganoderma tuberculosum pouvaient aussi inhiber la croissance des cellules cancéreuses de la même façon, sinon plus, que le Ganoderma lucidum utilisé en médecine traditionnelle asiatique et le Ganoderma lucidum européen. Les acides ganodériques A, DM et F, pour lesquels une activité anticancéreuse a été démontrée, n'ont pas été retrouvés dans l'extrait méthanolique de Ganoderma tuberculosum. D'un autre côté, l'extrait de cette espèce contient un composé majoritaire correspondant à un acide ganodérique jusqu'ici jamais décrit : GA FWI. Celui-ci n'a pas montré d'activité antiproliférative significative sur cellules cancéreuses de type PC-3, MCF-7 et HT29. De plus, ce travail a montré que l'activité antiproliférative du G. lucidum européen est similaire à celle du G. lucidum traditionnellement utilisé en médecine asiatique excepté pour HT29 pour lesquels aucune activité n'a été démontrée pour l'espèce asiatique. Enfin, notre étude illustre l'importance des investigations taxinomiques fiables, avec des méthodes traditionnelles et moléculaires, afin d'identifier clairement les espèces contenant les molécules spécifiques bioactives

Trametes polyzona, an emerging filamentous basidiomycete in Reunion Island

We describe two serious Trametes polyzona pulmonary infections, which occurred in Reunion Island, in critically ill patients. The identification was performed using sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA and D1/D2 region of 28S rDNA. In one case, the significance of T.polyzona in the pathological process was certain, proven by histopathological evidence of fungal lung infection. T.polyzona, an emerging filamentous basidiomycete, prevalent in tropical areas, has not been described so far in human infections

One fungus, which genes? : development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcodes

The aim of this study was to assess potential candidate gene regions and corresponding universal primer pairs as secondary DNA barcodes for the fungal kingdom, additional to ITS rDNA as primary barcode. Amplification efficiencies of 14 (partially) universal primer pairs targeting eight genetic markers were tested across > 1 500 species (1 931 strains or specimens) and the outcomes of almost twenty thousand (19 577) polymerase chain reactions were evaluated. We tested several well-known primer pairs that amplify: i) sections of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene large subunit (D1–D2 domains of 26/28S); ii) the complete internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1/2); iii) partial β-tubulin II (TUB2); iv) γ-actin (ACT); v) translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α); and vi) the second largest subunit of RNA-polymerase II (partial RPB2, section 5–6). Their PCR efficiencies were compared with novel candidate primers corresponding to: i) the fungal-specific translation elongation factor 3 (TEF3); ii) a small ribosomal protein necessary for t-RNA docking; iii) the 60S L10 (L1) RP; iv) DNA topoisomerase I (TOPI); v) phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK); vi) hypothetical protein LNS2; and vii) alternative sections of TEF1α. Results showed that several gene sections are accessible to universal primers (or primers universal for phyla) yielding a single PCR-product. Barcode gap and multi-dimensional scaling analyses revealed that some of the tested candidate markers have universal properties providing adequate infra- and inter-specific variation that make them attractive barcodes for species identification. Among these gene sections, a novel high fidelity primer pair for TEF1α, already widely used as a phylogenetic marker in mycology, has potential as a supplementary DNA barcode with superior resolution to ITS. Both TOPI and PGK show promise for the Ascomycota, while TOPI and LNS2 are attractive for the Pucciniomycotina, for which universal primers for ribosomal subunits often fail

Search for high-mass exclusive diphoton production with tagged protons in proton-proton collisions at s= \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

A search is presented for high-mass exclusive diphoton production via photon-photon fusion in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV in events where both protons survive the interaction. The analysis utilizes data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 103 fb$^{-1}$ collected in 2016--2018 with the central CMS detector and the CMS and TOTEM precision proton spectrometer (PPS). Events that have two photons with high transverse momenta ($p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} >$ 100 GeV), back-to-back in azimuth, and with a large diphoton invariant mass ($m_{\gamma\gamma} >$ 350 GeV) are selected. To remove the dominant inclusive diphoton backgrounds, the kinematic properties of the protons detected in PPS are required to match those of the central diphoton system. Only events having opposite-side forward protons detected with a fractional momentum loss between 0.035 and 0.15 (0.18) for the detectors on the negative (positive) side of CMS are considered. One exclusive diphoton candidate is observed for an expected background of 1.1 events. Limits at 95% confidence level are derived for the four-photon anomalous coupling parameters $|\zeta_1|$ 100 GeV), back-to-back in azimuth, and with a large diphoton invariant mass ($m_{\gamma\gamma} \gt$ 350 GeV) are selected. To remove the dominant inclusive diphoton backgrounds, the kinematic properties of the protons detected in PPS are required to match those of the central diphoton system. Only events having opposite-side forward protons detected with a fractional momentum loss between 0.035 and 0.15 (0.18) for the detectors on the negative (positive) side of CMS are considered. One exclusive diphoton candidate is observed for an expected background of 1.1 events. Limits at 95% confidence level are derived for the four-photon anomalous coupling parameters $\lvert\zeta_1\rvert \lt$ 0.073 TeV$^{-4}$ and $\lvert\zeta_2\rvert \lt$ 0.15 TeV$^{-4}$, using an effective field theory. Additionally, upper limits are placed on the production of axion-like particles with coupling strength to photons $f^{-1}$ that varies from 0.03 TeV$^{-1}$ to 1 TeV$^{-1}$ over the mass range from 500 to 2000 GeV

Search for high-mass exclusive diphoton production with tagged protons in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceA search is presented for high-mass exclusive diphoton production via photon-photon fusion in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV in events where both protons survive the interaction. The analysis utilizes data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 103 fb$^{-1}$ collected in 2016-2018 with the central CMS detector and the CMS and TOTEM precision proton spectrometer (PPS). Events that have two photons with high transverse momenta ($p_\mathrm{T}^\gamma >$ 100 GeV), back-to-back in azimuth, and with a large diphoton invariant mass ($m_{\gamma\gamma} \gt$ 350 GeV) are selected. To remove the dominant inclusive diphoton backgrounds, the kinematic properties of the protons detected in PPS are required to match those of the central diphoton system. Only events having opposite-side forward protons detected with a fractional momentum loss between 0.035 and 0.15 (0.18) for the detectors on the negative (positive) side of CMS are considered. One exclusive diphoton candidate is observed for an expected background of 1.1 events. Limits at 95% confidence level are derived for the four-photon anomalous coupling parameters $\lvert\zeta_1\rvert \lt$ 0.073 TeV$^{-4}$ and $\lvert\zeta_2\rvert \lt$ 0.15 TeV$^{-4}$, using an effective field theory. Additionally, upper limits are placed on the production of axion-like particles with coupling strength to photons $f^{-1}$ that varies from 0.03 TeV$^{-1}$ to 1 TeV$^{-1}$ over the mass range from 500 to 2000 GeV

Nonresonant central exclusive production of charged-hadron pairs in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceThe central exclusive production of charged-hadron pairs in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13\TeV is examined, based on data collected in a special high-$\beta^*$ run of the LHC. The nonresonant continuum processes are studied with the invariant mass of the centrally produced two-pion system in the resonance-free region, $m_{\pi^+\pi^-}$$\lt$ 0.7 GeV or $m_{\pi^+\pi^-}$$\gt$ 1.8 GeV. Differential cross sections as functions of the azimuthal angle between the surviving protons, squared exchanged four-momenta, and $m_{\pi^+\pi^-}$ are measured in a wide region of scattered proton transverse momenta, between 0.2 and 0.8 GeV, and for pion rapidities $\lvert y\rvert$$\lt$ 2. A rich structure of interactions related to double-pomeron exchange is observed. A parabolic minimum in the distribution of the two-proton azimuthal angle is observed for the first time. It can be interpreted as an effect of additional pomeron exchanges between the protons from the interference between the bare and the rescattered amplitudes. After model tuning, various physical quantities are determined that are related to the pomeron cross section, proton-pomeron and meson-pomeron form factors, pomeron trajectory and intercept, and coefficients of diffractive eigenstates of the proton

Search for central exclusive production of top quark pairs in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV with tagged protons

International audienceA search for the central exclusive production of top quark-antiquark pairs ($\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$) is performed for the first time using proton-tagged events in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 29.4 fb$^{-1}$. The $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ decay products are reconstructed using the central CMS detector, while forward protons are measured in the CMS-TOTEM precision proton spectrometer. An observed (expected) upper bound on the production cross section of 0.59 (1.14) pb is set at 95% confidence level, for collisions of protons with fractional momentum losses between 2 and 20%