Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation

La incidencia y la prevalencia de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) se han incrementado en los últimos a˜nos en varios países de Latinoamérica. Existe una necesidad de concientizar a gastroenterólogos y a la población en general para poder tener un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos en la colitis ulcerosa crónica idiopática (CUCI) y enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Es importante que todos los médicos tengan un criterio homogéneo acerca del diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la EII en América Latina. La Pan American Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (PANCCO) es un organismo con el propósito de incluir a todos los países del continente americano pero se enfoca de manera específica a los países latinos. Este Consenso está dividido en 2 partes para su publicación: 1) diagnóstico y tratamiento, y 2) situaciones especiales. Este es el primer Consenso latinoamericano cuyo objetivo es promover una perspectiva adaptadaa nuestros países latinos para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la monitorización de pacientescon CUCI y EC.© 2016 Asociaci´on Mexicana de Gastroenterolog´ıa. Publicado por Masson Doyma M´exico S.A.Este es un art´ıculo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ABSTRACT The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased inrecent years in several Latin American countries. There is a need to raise awareness in gastro-enterologists and the population in general, so that early diagnosis and treatment of ulcerativecolitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD) can be carried out. It is important for all physicians tohave homogeneous criteria regarding the diagnosis and treatment of IBD in Latin America. ThePan American Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (PANCCO) is an organization that aims to includeall the countries of the Americas, but it specifically concentrates on Latin America. The presentConsensus was divided into two parts for publication: 1) Diagnosis and treatment and 2) Specialsituations.This is the first Latin American Consensus whose purpose is to promote a perspective adaptedto our Latin American countries for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients withUC and CD.© 2016 Asociaci´on Mexicana de Gastroenterolog´ıa. Published by Masson Doyma M´exico S.A. Thisis an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Situaciones especiales en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: primer consenso latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation (PANCCO) (Segunda parte)

En los pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) la fertilidad generalmente no se ve afectada (Nivel de evidencia: 3. Nivel de acuerdo: 100%) excepto en los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn (EC) activa, mujeres con un historial de cirugía pélvica (Nivel de evidencia: 1. Nivel de acuerdo: 100%) u hombres que reciben tratamiento con sulfasalazina (Nivel de evidencia: 3. Nivel de acuerdo: 100%)

Update of the PANCCO clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in the adult population

Ulcerative colitis (US) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology. It is incurable and its clinical course is intermittent, characterized by periods of remission and relapse. The prevalence and incidence of the disease has been increasing worldwide. The update presented herein includes the participation of healthcare professionals, decision-makers, and a representative of the patients, all of whom declared their conflicts of interest. Answerable clinical questions were formulated, and the outcomes were graded. The information search was conducted on the Medline/PubMed, Embase, Epistemonikos, and LILACS databases, and covered grey literature sources, as well. The search was updated on November 30, 2020, with no restrictions regarding date or language. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) classification system was implemented to establish the strength of the recommendation and quality of evidence. A formal consensus was developed, based on the RAND/UCLA methodology and the document was peer reviewed. The short version of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in the Adult Population is presented herein, together with the supporting evidence and respective recommendations. In mild-to-moderate UC, budesonide MMX is an option when treatment with 5-ASA fails, and before using systemic steroids. In moderate-to-severe UC, infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and tofacitinib can be used as first-line therapy. If there is anti-TNF therapy failure, ustekinumab and tofacitinib provide the best results. In patients with antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, anti-TNFs are the treatment of choice

Ustekinumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn’s Disease

BACKGROUND Ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody to the p40 subunit of interleukin-12 and inter-leukin-23, was evaluated as an intravenous induction therapy in two populations with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease. Ustekinumab was also evaluated as subcutaneous maintenance therapy. METHODS We randomly assigned patients to receive a single intravenous dose of ustekinumab (either 130 mg or approximately 6 mg per kilogram of body weight) or placebo in two induction trials. The UNITI-1 trial included 741 patients who met the criteria for primary or secondary nonresponse to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists or had unacceptable side effects. The UNITI-2 trial included 628 patients in whom conventional therapy failed or unacceptable side effects occurred. Patients who completed these induction trials then participated in IM-UNITI, in which the 397 patients who had a response to ustekinumab were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous maintenance injections of 90 mg of ustekinumab (either every 8 weeks or every 12 weeks) or placebo. The primary end point for the induction trials was a clinical response at week 6 (defined as a decrease from baseline in the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index [CDAI] score of ≥100 points or a CDAI score <150). The primary end point for the maintenance trial was remission at week 44 (CDAI score <150). RESULTS The rates of response at week 6 among patients receiving intravenous ustekinumab at a dose of either 130 mg or approximately 6 mg per kilogram were significantly higher than the rates among patients receiving placebo (in UNITI-1, 34.3%, 33.7%, and 21.5%, respectively, with P≤0.003 for both comparisons with placebo; in UNITI-2, 51.7%, 55.5%, and 28.7%, respectively, with P<0.001 for both doses). In the groups receiving maintenance doses of ustekinumab every 8 weeks or every 12 weeks, 53.1% and 48.8%, respectively, were in remission at week 44, as compared with 35.9% of those receiving placebo (P = 0.005 and P = 0.04, respectively). Within each trial, adverse-event rates were similar among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, those receiving intravenous ustekinumab had a significantly higher rate of response than did those receiving placebo. Subcutaneous ustekinumab maintained remission in patients who had a clinical response to induction therapy. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01369329, NCT01369342, and NCT01369355.

Management of Patients With Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis During the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: Results of an International Meeting

The International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IOIBD) is the only global organization devoted to the study of and management of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), namely, Crohn?s disease and ulcerative colitis. Membership is composed of physician-scientists who have established expertise in these diseases. The organization hosts an annual meeting and a number of working groups addressing issues of the epidemiology of IBD, diet and nutrition, and the development and use of treatments for IBD. There are currently 89 members of IOIBD representing 26 different countries. The organization has taken particular interest in the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and how it may affect the IBD patient population. This document summarizes the results of 2 recent virtual meetings of the group and subsequent expert guidance for patients and providers

The London Position Statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD with the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation: pregnancy and pediatrics.

Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have similar rates of fertility to the general population, but have an increased rate of adverse pregnancy outcomes compared with the general population, which may be worsened by disease activity. Infertility is increased in those undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in pregnancy is considered to be low risk and compatible with use during conception in men and women and during pregnancy in at least the first two trimesters. Infliximab (IFX) and certolizumab pegol are also compatible with breastfeeding, but safety data for adalimumab (ADA) are awaited. The safety of natalizumab during pregnancy is unknown. For children with Crohn's disease (CD), IFX is effective at inducing and maintaining remission. Episodic therapy is not as effective as scheduled infusions. Disease duration in children does not appear to affect the efficacy of IFX. IFX promotes growth in prepubertal and early pubertal Crohn's patients. It is also effective for the treatment of extraintestinal manifestations. ADA is effective for children with active CD and for maintaining remission, even if they have lost response to IFX, although there are fewer data. Vaccination of infants exposed to biological therapy in utero should be given at standard schedules during the first 6 months of life, except for live-virus vaccines such as rotavirus. Inactivated vaccines may be safely administered to children with IBD, even when immunocompromised

DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO. Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (EII): Importancia del acceso oportuno al diagnóstico y tratamiento

Introducción; La Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (EII) continúa siendo una enfermedad “invisible” y poco reconocida por los tomadores de decisión. Objetivo: Describir la situación actual de la EII en América Latina, las principales barreras y desafíos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento, y demostrar la necesidad de promover el desarrollo e implementación de políticas que permitan reducir la carga de la enfermedad y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Material y métodos: Discusión de expertos sobre un documento borrador elaborado con base a evidencia existente sobre la EII. Mediante preguntas de validación se analizó la información sobre la incidencia, prevalencia y carga de la enfermedad en América Latina, las condiciones actuales en el manejo y diagnóstico de la enfermedad y el acceso a tratamiento. Resultados: Se logró un consenso sobre la EII y se elaboraron recomendaciones sobre las políticas y cambios necesarios para elevar el nivel de sensibilidad acerca de la EII con el fin de informar a los tomadores de decisión buscando facilitar el acceso al mejor tratamiento posible. Conclusiones: Existe poco conocimiento sobre la enfermedad por parte del público en general y su atención no es una prioridad para los gobiernos. La falta de capacitación y concientización de los médicos se traduce en un retraso en el diagnóstico. Se recomienda generar evidencia que permita visibilizar la problemática, promover la toma de decisiones mediante el fortalecimiento de la recolección y procesamiento de datos y abogar por la EII como una enfermedad de notificación obligatoria

Evolução da ocorrência (1980-1999) da doença de Crohn e da retocolite ulcerativa idiopática e análise das suas características clínicas em um hospital universitário do sudeste do Brasil Trends in the occurrence (1980-1999) and clinical features of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in a university hospital in southeastern Brazil

Racional - A doença de Crohn e a retocolite ulcerativa idiopática são consideradas pouco freqüentes nos países em desenvolvimento, sendo escassos os estudos sobre a sua ocorrência no Brasil. Objetivos - Estudar a freqüência de admissão de casos da doença de Crohn e da retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica em um hospital universitário ao longo de 20 anos (1980-99) e descrever características demográficas e clínicas desses casos. Métodos - Calculou-se a freqüência de admissão de casos da doença de Crohn e da retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica de janeiro de 1980 a dezembro de 1999 e analisaram-se todos os casos destas doenças admitidos nos últimos 10 anos desse período. Resultados - No período estudado, registraram-se 257 casos novos, sendo 126 da doença de Crohn e 131 da retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica. A freqüência de admissão de casos de ambas as doenças aumentou de 40 para 61 casos/10.000 atendimentos, do primeiro para o segundo qüinqüênio, com menor crescimento subseqüente, sendo que a doença de Crohn tornou-se, gradualmente, mais freqüente que a retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica. Em ambas as doenças, houve predomínio de casos do gênero feminino, na faixa etária entre 20 e 50 anos, da cor branca, do estado civil casado e de não-tabagistas. Ambas as doenças apresentaram-se com os sintomas digestivos próprios e não houve diferenças entre elas quanto às freqüências de manifestações sistêmicas e extra-intestinais (29,5% vs 23,3%), incluindo as tromboembólicas (5,9% vs 5,5%). Na doença de Crohn, 59,2% dos casos apresentaram complicações (obstrução e/ou perfuração), enquanto que 53,7% dos casos de retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica foram de formas mais graves. Nos casos de doença de Crohn com obstrução, o tabagismo foi significativamente mais freqüente que nas formas não-complicadas. Na retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica, as manifestações sistêmicas e as extra-intestinais, bem como o acometimento de todo o cólon, foram significativamente mais freqüentes nas formas mais graves. Conclusões - Houve aumento da freqüência das doenças inflamatórias intestinais, com a doença de Crohn tornando-se mais comum que a retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica. Tanto uma como outra das afecções, apresentaram-se com as características habituais, destacando-se o predomínio das formas mais graves.<br>Background - Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are regarded as uncommon in developing countries, but studies on their occurrence in Brazil are scarce. Aims - To determine the occurrence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in a Brazilian university hospital throughout a 20-year period, and analyze the demographical, clinical and evolutive features of these cases. Methods - The frequencies of new cases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis admitted from January 1980 up to December 1999 were calculated and a descriptive analysis of the features of all cases seen from January 1990 up to December 1999 was performed. Results - A total of 257 new cases (126 with Crohn's disease and 131 with ulcerative colitis) was recorded. The frequencies of admissions for both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have increased progressively from 40 up to 61 cases/10.000 new admissions and Crohn's disease gradually became more common than ulcerative colitis. For both diseases, there was predominance of women, age at admission in the range of 30-40 years, Caucasian origin, married state and non-smokers. Digestive symptoms presented were similar to those already described for both diseases and there were no differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis regarding the frequencies of general complaints and extra-intestinal manifestations (29.5% vs 23.3%), including thromboembolism (5.9% vs 5.4%). Obstruction and/or perforation were seen in up to 59.2% of Crohn's disease cases, whereas 53.7% of all ulcerative colitis cases presented as severe forms. In Crohn's disease cases with obstruction, smoking was significantly more common than in non-complicated cases. In ulcerative colitis cases of increased severity, general complaints, extra-intestinal manifestations and pancolitis were significantly more frequent than in less severe forms. Conclusions - For the last 20 years, there have been an increased frequency of admission of inflammatory bowel diseases, and Crohn's disease have become more prevalent than ulcerative colitis. Demographical, clinical and evolutive features of these diseases seems to be similar to those already described, but there seems to be a predominance of more severe forms of both diseases