Strictly Regulated and Measured: Meals at the Iosifo-Volokolamsky Monastery, c. 1580

The article was submitted on 10.05.2018.The main source of this study is the revenue book (Rus. kormovaya kniga) of the Iosifo-Volokolamsky Monastery for 1581–1582. It combines information about significant contributions and kormy (meals) commemorating the investors with instructions about food and drinks to be served throughout the year. Depending on the weekly and annual cycles, the monastery menu changed daily. To prevent an investor’s commemoration day and a fast day from overlapping, the kormy were moved to non-fast days. The revenue book allows the author to accurately reconstruct the monastery menu. The quality of the food and the number of dishes depended on the day and the occasion. In addition, the portions of food and drinks were normally determined beforehand. The lay workers of the monastery received smaller portions, but other than that there were no differences: everyone ate the same food. The left overs were distributed among paupers in front of the gate of the monastery or sent to nearby monasteries. In the revenue book, the author finds instructions regarding the seating during the meal, the order in which everyone was supposed to eat (the first and second rounds of serving), and the days on which the tables were to be covered with tablecloths. The revenue book demonstrates the way in which the rules of Orthodox monasticism, whose traditions formed in the Mediterranean space, were transferred to a different climate zone and adapted to it. Additionally, the author points out that the monastery menu of the late 16th century bears some features of contemporary Russian cuisine.Главным источником для данного исследования послужила кормовая книга Иосифо-Волоколамского монастыря 1581–1582 г. Она объединяет сведения о больших вкладах и кормах на память вкладчиков с указаниями о еде и питье в течение целого года. Стол ежедневно менялся в зависимости от недельного и годового круга. Чтобы избежать наложения дня поминания вкладчика с постным днем, кормы перемещались, если нужно, на непостный день. Кормовая книга позволяет произвести точную реконструкцию монастырского меню. Качество еды и число блюд зависели от дня и от повода обеда. Кроме того, чаще всего меры еды и питья тоже были определены. Не считая меньшей порции для мирских работников в монастыре, все получали одинаковую пищу. Что оставалось от трапезы, раздавалось нищим перед воротами и посылалось в соседние богорадные монастыри. Автор находит в кормовой книге и указания о том, кому сидеть за каким столом во время трапезы, кто обедает только во вторую смену, и в какие дни используются скатерти. Из кормовой книги видно, как правила православного монашества, обычаи которого сформировались в средиземноморском пространстве, были удачно перенесены в другую климатическую зону и как они были приспособлены к ней. В то же время в монастырском столе конца XVI в. уже возможно распознать черты современной русской кухни

Il Cristo in forma Pietatis del Rosso Fiorentino fra devozione e bellezza

<p>Differential distribution pattern of root- identified proteins in the four conditions described: TT, 42T, 42FS and 42RS.</p

Insights into the Lignocellulose-Degrading Enzyme System of Humicola grisea var. thermoidea Based on Genome and Transcriptome Analysis.

Abstract: Humicola grisea var. thermoidea is a thermophilic ascomycete and important enzyme producer that has an efficient enzymatic system with a broad spectrum of thermostable carbohydrate-active (CAZy) enzymes. These enzymes can be employed in lignocellulose biomass deconstruction and other industrial applications. In this work, the genome of H. grisea var. thermoidea was sequenced. The acquired sequence reads were assembled into a total length of 28.75 Mbp. Genome features correlate with what was expected for thermophilic Sordariomycetes. The transcriptomic data showed that sugar-cane bagasse significantly upregulated genes related to primary metabolism and polysaccharide deconstruction, especially hydrolases, at both pH 5 and pH 8. However, a number of exclusive and shared genes between the pH values were found, especially at pH 8. H. grisea expresses an average of 211 CAZy enzymes (CAZymes), which are capable of acting in different substrates. The top upregulated genes at both pH values represent CAZyme-encoding genes from different classes, including acetylxylan esterase, endo-1,4-b-mannosidase, exoglucanase, and endoglucanase genes. For the first time, the arsenal that the thermophilic fungus H. grisea var. thermoidea possesses to degrade the lignocellulosic biomass is shown. Carbon source and pH are of pivotal importance in regulating gene expression in this organism, and alkaline pH is a key regulatory factor for sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis. This work paves the way for the genetic manipulation and robust biotechnological applications of this fungus

Endo-β-1,3-glucanase (GH16 Family) from Trichoderma harzianum Participates in Cell Wall Biogenesis but Is Not Essential for Antagonism Against Plant Pathogens

This is the published version. Available on open access from MDPI via the DOI in this recordTrichoderma species are known for their ability to produce lytic enzymes, such as exoglucanases, endoglucanases, chitinases, and proteases, which play important roles in cell wall degradation of phytopathogens. β-glucanases play crucial roles in the morphogenetic-morphological process during the development and differentiation processes in Trichoderma species, which have β-glucans as the primary components of their cell walls. Despite the importance of glucanases in the mycoparasitism of Trichoderma spp., only a few functional analysis studies have been conducted on glucanases. In the present study, we used a functional genomics approach to investigate the functional role of the gluc31 gene, which encodes an endo-β-1,3-glucanase belonging to the GH16 family in Trichoderma harzianum ALL42. We demonstrated that the absence of the gluc31 gene did not affect the in vivo mycoparasitism ability of mutant T. harzianum ALL42; however, gluc31 evidently influenced cell wall organization. Polymer measurements and fluorescence microscopy analyses indicated that the lack of the gluc31 gene induced a compensatory response by increasing the production of chitin and glucan polymers on the cell walls of the mutant hyphae. The mutant strain became more resistant to the fungicide benomyl compared to the parental strain. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the absence of gluc31 in T. harzianum resulted in the differential expression of other glycosyl hydrolases belonging to the GH16 family, because of functional redundancy among the glucanases.CNPq Rede Pró-Centro OesteState of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP

Resources partitioning in a fruit bat community of the southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Side view of flock of birds at feet of man on park bench.GrayscaleSorensen Safety Negatives, Binder: North & Central America

Draft Genome Sequence of Muricauda sp. Strain K001 Isolated from a Marine Cyanobacterial Culture.

We report the whole-genome sequence of Muricauda sp. strain K001 isolated from a marine cyanobacterial culture. This genome sequence will improve our understanding of the influence of heterotrophic bacteria on the physiology of cyanobacteria and may contribute to the development of new natural products