A Landsat Digital Image Rectification System

DIRS is a Digital Image Rectification System for the geometric correction of Landsat Multispectral Scanner digital image data. DIRS removes spatial distortions from the data and brings it into conformance with the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) map projection. Scene data in the form of landmarks or Ground Control Points (GCPs) are used to drive the geometric correction algorithms. The system offers extensive capabilities for shade printing to aid in the determination of GCPs. Affine, two dimensional least squares polynominal and spacecraft attitude modeling techniques for geometric mapping are provided. Entire scenes or selected quadrilaterals may be rectified. Resampling through nearest neighbor or cubic convolution at user designated intervals is available. The output products are in the form of digital tape in band interleaved, single band or CCT format in a rotated UTM projection. The system was designed and implemented on large scale IBM 360 computers with at least 300-500K bytes of memory for user application programs and five nine track tapes plus direct access storage

Asociación entre el consumo pico de oxígeno y la prueba de caminata de seis minutos en pacientes tras cirugía cardíaca

Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have reduced cardiorespiratory capacity after the procedure. An adequate assessment in the patients’ postoperative period is essential, aiming at a better prescription for cardiopulmonary rehabilitation phase II and return to daily life activities. Our study sought to evaluate the correlation between peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2 ), from cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with the distance covered in the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients after 40 days of CABG. This is a cross-sectional study with sample consisting of patients submitted to CABG. Patients included were assessed 40 days after the surgery in a hospital environment through cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill protocol and the 6MWT according to the American Thoracic Society. We used the Pearson’s correlation test to analyze the outcomes. Thirty-nine patients participated in the study, of which 28 (71.8%) were men, with a mean age of 58±years. It was possible to observe a sedentary lifestyle (74.4%), tobacco use (74.4%) and high prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (82.1%). The mean distance walked on the 6MWT was 494m±70m and the mean peak VO2 was 19.5±3.6 mL/kg/min and the correlation between them was r=0.48; p=0.02. There was a moderate and statistically significant correlation between the distance walked in the 6MWT and the peak VO2 in patients after 40 days of CABG.Pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) apresentam redução da capacidade funcional cardiorrespiratória após o procedimento. Uma avaliação adequada no período pós-operatório desses indivíduos se faz fundamental, tendo em vista uma melhor prescrição para a reabilitação cardiopulmonar fase II e retorno às atividades de vida diária. Nosso objetivo foi verificar a associação entre a distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e o consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2 pico) obtido no teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) em pacientes 40 dias após a CRM. Nesse estudo observacional transversal, foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a CRM. A avaliação ocorreu 40 dias após a realização da cirurgia em ambiente hospitalar. Os testes realizados foram o TCPE, o protocolo em esteira rolante e o TC6, de acordo com as normas da American Thoracic Society. Para a análise dos resultados, utilizamos o teste de correlação de Pearson. A amostra contém 39 pacientes, dos quais 28 (71,8%) são do sexo masculino, com idade média de 58 anos. Foi possível observar predominância de sedentarismo (74,4%), uso de tabaco (74,4%) e alta prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (82,1%). Nos testes realizados, a distância média percorrida no TC6 foi de 494m±70m, e no TCPE o VO2 pico médio foi de 19,5±3,6ml/kg/min. A correlação linear observada entre eles foi r=0,48; p=0,02. Concluindo, houve correlação moderada e estatisticamente significativa entre distância percorrida no TC6 e o VO2 pico em pacientes 40 dias após CRM.Los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica (CRM) tienen una reducción de la capacidad funcional cardiorrespiratoria después del procedimiento. Una adecuada evaluación posoperatoria de estos individuos es esencial, con vistas a una mejor prescripción para la rehabilitación cardiopulmonar fase II y el retorno a las actividades de la vida diaria. El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo verificar la asociación entre la distancia recorrida en la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (PC6) y el consumo pico de oxígeno (VO2 pico) obtenido en la prueba de ejercicio cardiopulmonar (PECP) en pacientes 40 días después de la CRM. Este estudio observacional transversal incluyó a pacientes sometidos a CRM. La evaluación se realizó 40 días después de la cirugía en el entorno hospitalario. Las pruebas realizadas fueron la PECP, el protocolo de cinta de correr y la PC6, de acuerdo con las normas de la American Thoracic Society. Para el análisis de los resultados, se utilizó la prueba de correlación de Pearson. La muestra constó de 39 pacientes; de estos, 28 (71,8%) son hombres, con una edad media de 58 años. Fue posible observar un predominio de sedentarismo (74,4%), consumo de tabaco (74,4%) y alta prevalencia de hipertensión arterial sistémica (82,1%). En las pruebas realizadas, la distancia promedio recorrida en la PC6 fue de 494m±70m, y en la PECP el VO2 pico promedio fue de 19,5±3,6 ml/kg/min. La correlación lineal observada entre ellos fue r=0,48; p=0,02. Se concluye que hubo una correlación moderada y estadísticamente significativa entre la distancia recorrida en la PC6 y el VO2 pico en pacientes tras 40 días de CRM

Hydrogen Variability in the Murray Formation, Gale Crater, Mars

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover is exploring the Murray formation, a sequence of heterolithic mudstones and sandstones recording fluvial deltaic and lake deposits that comprise over 350 m of sedimentary strata within Gale crater. We examine >4,500 Murray formation bedrock points, employing recent laboratory calibrations for ChemCam laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy H measurements at millimeter scale. Bedrock in the Murray formation has an interquartile range of 2.3–3.1 wt.% H₂O, similar to measurements using the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons and Sample Analysis at Mars instruments. However, specific stratigraphic intervals include high H targets (6–18 wt.% H₂O) correlated with Si, Mg, Ca, Mn, or Fe, indicating units with opal, hydrated Mg sulfates, hydrated Ca sulfates, Mn‐enriched units, and akageneite or other iron oxyhydroxides, respectively. One stratigraphic interval with higher hydrogen is the Sutton Island unit and Blunts Point unit contact, where higher hydrogen is associated with Fe‐rich, Ca‐rich, and Mg‐rich points. A second interval with higher hydrogen occurs in the Vera Rubin ridge portion of the Murray formation, where higher hydrogen is associated with Fe‐rich, Ca‐rich, and Si‐rich points. We also observe trends in the H signal with grain size, separate from chemical variation, whereby coarser‐grained rocks have higher hydrogen. Variability in the hydrogen content of rocks points to a history of water‐rock interaction at Gale crater that included changes in lake water chemistry during Murray formation deposition and multiple subsequent groundwater episodes

Hydrogen Variability in the Murray Formation, Gale Crater, Mars

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover is exploring the Murray formation, a sequence of heterolithic mudstones and sandstones recording fluvial deltaic and lake deposits that comprise over 350 m of sedimentary strata within Gale crater. We examine >4,500 Murray formation bedrock points, employing recent laboratory calibrations for ChemCam laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy H measurements at millimeter scale. Bedrock in the Murray formation has an interquartile range of 2.3–3.1 wt.% H₂O, similar to measurements using the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons and Sample Analysis at Mars instruments. However, specific stratigraphic intervals include high H targets (6–18 wt.% H₂O) correlated with Si, Mg, Ca, Mn, or Fe, indicating units with opal, hydrated Mg sulfates, hydrated Ca sulfates, Mn‐enriched units, and akageneite or other iron oxyhydroxides, respectively. One stratigraphic interval with higher hydrogen is the Sutton Island unit and Blunts Point unit contact, where higher hydrogen is associated with Fe‐rich, Ca‐rich, and Mg‐rich points. A second interval with higher hydrogen occurs in the Vera Rubin ridge portion of the Murray formation, where higher hydrogen is associated with Fe‐rich, Ca‐rich, and Si‐rich points. We also observe trends in the H signal with grain size, separate from chemical variation, whereby coarser‐grained rocks have higher hydrogen. Variability in the hydrogen content of rocks points to a history of water‐rock interaction at Gale crater that included changes in lake water chemistry during Murray formation deposition and multiple subsequent groundwater episodes

Imprints of the Quantum World in Classical Mechanics

The imprints left by quantum mechanics in classical (Hamiltonian) mechanics are much more numerous than is usually believed. We show Using no physical hypotheses) that the Schroedinger equation for a nonrelativistic system of spinless particles is a classical equation which is equivalent to Hamilton's equations.Comment: Paper submitted to Foundations of Physic

Association of pulmonary function and functional capacity with invasive mechanical ventilation time after coronary artery bypass grafting

Introdução: A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) é realizada para diminuir os sintomas característicos da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e após esse procedimento os pacientes necessitam de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI). Um tempo prolongado de VMI resulta no aumento de complicações pulmonares, mortalidade e prolonga o tempo de internação hospitalar. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre a função pulmonar e a capacidade funcional pré-operatória com o tempo de VMI após CRM. Casuística e Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado entre 2011 e 2015 com inclusão de 40 indivíduos. Foram avaliadas a capacidade funcional e função pulmonar no pré-operatório da CRM, além do tempo de VMI no momento após o procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados: As variáveis da função pulmonar apresentaram correlação inversa com o tempo de VMI pós CRM, capacidade vital forçada (CVF) (r = -0,51; p = 0,001); o volume expiratório forçado no 1º segundo (VEF1) (r = -0,49; p = 0,001), o pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) (r = -0,42; p = 0,008) e a capacidade vital inspiratória (CVin) (r = -0,51; p = 0,001). A mesma correlação não foi observada entre a capacidade funcional (r = -0,22; p = 0,166) e o tempo de VMI pós CRM. Conclusão: Os pacientes que apresentaram melhor função pulmonar no pré-operatório de CRM, necessitaram um menor tempo de VMI após essa cirurgia. O mesmo não foi observado em relação a capacidade funcional.Introduction: The coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is widely utilized to decrease the symptoms of coronary artery disease. After this surgery the patients will need mechanical ventilation. Prolonged mechanical ventilation results in higher rates of pulmonary complications and mortality, as well as higher hospital length of stay. Objective: To evaluate the association between pulmonary function, functional capacity, and the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation after CABG. Patients and Methods: The prospective cohort study was carried out during 2011 and 2015. In total, 40 patients undergoing CABG were evaluated for preoperative pulmonary function and functional capacity. Results: Preoperative pulmonary function was found to be inversely proportional to duration of invasive mechanical ventilation after CABG, forced vital capacity (FVC) (r = -0,5; p = 0,001), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (r = -0,49; p = 0,001), peak expiratory flow (PEF) (r = -0,42; p = 0,008), inspiratory vital capacity (IVC) (r = -0,51; p = 0,001). However, there was no correlation between functional capacity (r = -0,22; p = 0,166) and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation after CABG. Conclusion: The patients whose pulmonary function were significantly higher remained less time under ventilation than the patients with poorer pulmonary function. However, there was no relation between functional capacity and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in these patients