Next-to-leading order short distance QCD corrections to the effective ΔS=2\Delta S = 2 Hamiltonian, implications for the KLK_L-KSK_S mass difference

We report on the results of a calculation of next-to leading order short distance QCD corrections to the coefficient $\eta_1$ of the effective $\Delta S = 2$ Lagrangian in the standard model and discuss the uncertainties inherent in such a calculation. As a phenomenological application we comment on the contributions of short distance physics to the ${\rm K}_{\rm L}$--${\rm K}_{\rm S}$ mass difference. This report is based on research work done in collaboration with Ulrich Nierste.Comment: 4 pages and 2 figures, uses LaTeX espcrc2 documentstyle option (all necessary files included in an uuencoded compressed tar file). Invited talk at the conference 'QCD94', Montpellier, France, 7-13 July 1994, to appear in the proceedings. TUM-T31-72/9

The Complete |Delta S|=2 Hamiltonian in the Next-To-Leading Order

We present the complete next-to-leading order short-distance QCD corrections to the effective \dstwo -hamiltonian in the Standard Model. The calculation of the coefficient $\eta_3$ is described in great detail. It involves the two-loop mixing of bilocal structures composed of two \dsone\ operators into \dstwo\ operators. The next-to-leading order corrections enhance $\eta_3$ by 27\% to \eta_3=0.47 \errorpm{+0.03}{-0.04} thereby affecting the phenomenology of $\epsilon_K$ sizeably. $\eta_3$ depends on the physical input parameters $m_t$, $m_c$ and \laMSb only weakly. The quoted error stems from renormalization scale dependences, which have reduced compared to the old leading log result. The known calculation of $\eta_1$ and $\eta_2$ is repeated in order to compare the structure of the three QCD coefficients. We further discuss some field theoretical aspects of the calculation such as the renormalization group equation for Green's functions with two operator insertions and the renormalization scheme dependence caused by the presence of evanescent operators.Comment: 68 pages, requires LaTeX2e and the standard LaTeX-packages epsf.sty, rotate.sty, a4.sty, subeqn.sty, cite.sty, array.sty, dcolumn.sty; Figures are submitted as a seperate tar.gz-file. A complete PostScript version may be obtained from ftp://feynman.t30.physik.tu-muenchen.de/pub/preprints/tum-86-96.ps.gz or ftp://feynman.t30.physik.tu-muenchen.de/pub/preprints/tum-86-96.ps2.gz (scaled down and rotated version to print two pages on one sheet of paper). Source available at ftp://feynman.t30.physik.tu-muenchen.de/pub/preprints/tum-86-96.tar.g

Exclusive Radiative Decays of B Mesons

We present within the Standard Model the exclusive radiative decays B -> K*/rho gamma and B_(s/d) -> gamma gamma in QCD factorization based on the heavy-quark limit m_b >> Lambda_QCD. For the decays with a vector meson in the final state we give results complete to next-to-leading order in QCD.Comment: 4 pages, contributed to QCD 02: High-Energy Physics International Conference in Quantum Chromodynamics, Montpellier, France, 2-9 July 200

Enhancement of the KLK_L -- KSK_S Mass Difference by Short Distance QCD Corrections Beyond Leading Logarithms

We calculate the next-to-leading order short distance QCD corrections to the coefficient $\eta_1$ of the effective $\Delta S = 2$ hamiltonian in the standard model. This part dominates the short distance contribution $(\Delta m_K)^{\rm SD}$ to the $K_L$ -- $K_S$ mass difference. The next-to-leading order result enhances $\eta_1$ and $(\Delta m_K)^{\rm SD}$ by 20\% compared to the leading order estimate. Taking 0.200 \gev \le \laMSb \le 0.350 \gev and 1.35 \gev \le m_c(m_c) \le 1.45 \gev we obtain $0.922 \le \eta_1^{\rm NLO} \le 1.419$ compared to $0.834 \le \eta_1^{\rm LO} \le 1.138$. For $B_K = 0.7$ this corresponds to 48 -- 75 \% of the experimentally observed mass difference. The inclusion of next-to- leading order corrections to $\eta_1$ reduces considerably the theoretical uncertainty related to the choice of renormalization scales.Comment: 30 pages and 9 figures (available as uuencoded tarred postscript files), LaTeX, TUM-T31-40/9

The Impact of a 4th Generation on Mixing and CP Violation in the Charm System

We study D0-D0 mixing in the presence of a fourth generation of quarks. In particular, we calculate the size of the allowed CP violation which is found at the observable level well beyond anything possible with CKM dynamics. We calculate the semileptonic asymmetry a_SL and the mixing induced CP asymmetry eta_fS_f which are correlated with each other. We also investigate the correlation of eta_fS_f with a number of prominent observables in other mesonic systems like epsilon'/epsilon, Br(K_L -> pi0 nu nu), Br(K+ -> pi+ nu nu), Br(B_s ->mu+ mu-), Br(B_d -> mu+ mu-) and finally S_psi phi in the B_s system. We identify a clear pattern of flavour and CP violation predicted by the SM4 model: While simultaneous large 4G effects in the K and D systems are possible, accompanying large NP effects in the B_d system are disfavoured. However this behaviour is not as pronounced as found for the LHT and RSc models. In contrast to this, sizeable CP violating effects in the B_s system are possible unless extreme effects in eta_fS_f are found, and Br(B_s ->mu+ mu-) can be strongly enhanced regardless of the situation in the D system. We find that, on the other hand, S_psi phi > 0.2 combined with the measured epsilon'/epsilon significantly diminishes 4G effects within the D system.Comment: 22 pages, 23 figures, v2 (references added

ADAM17 substrate release in proximal tubule drives kidney fibrosis

Kidney fibrosis following kidney injury is an unresolved health problem and causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In a study into its molecular mechanism, we identified essential causative features. Acute or chronic kidney injury causes sustained elevation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17); of its cleavage-activated proligand substrates, in particular of pro-TNFα and the EGFR ligand amphiregulin (pro-AREG); and of the substrates\u27 receptors. As a consequence, EGFR is persistently activated and triggers the synthesis and release of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors, resulting in macrophage/neutrophil ingress and fibrosis. ADAM17 hypomorphic mice, specific ADAM17 inhibitor-treated WT mice, or mice with inducible KO of ADAM17 in proximal tubule (Slc34a1-Cre) were significantly protected against these effects. In vitro, in proximal tubule cells, we show that AREG has unique profibrotic actions that are potentiated by TNFα-induced AREG cleavage. In vivo, in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD, fibrosis) patients, soluble AREG is indeed highly upregulated in human urine, and both ADAM17 and AREG expression show strong positive correlation with fibrosis markers in related kidney biopsies. Our results indicate that targeting of the ADAM17 pathway represents a therapeutic target for human kidney fibrosis

Indirect CP-Violation in the Neutral Kaon System Beyond Leading Logarithms

We have calculated the short distance QCD coefficient \eta_3 of the effective |\Delta S|=2-hamiltonian in the next-to-leading order. Since now all coefficients \eta_1, \eta_2 and \eta_3 are known beyond the leading log approximation, one can achieve a much higher precision in the theoretical analysis of \epsilon_K. The measured value for \epsilon_K$yields a lower bound on each of |V_{cb}|, |V_{ub}/V_{cb}|, the top quark mass$m_t and the non- perturbative parameter B_K as a function of the remaining three quantities. We discuss the implications on the CKM phase \delta, |V_{td}| and the key quantity for all CP-violating processes, Im \lambda_t = Im [V^*_{ts} V_{td}]. These quantities and the improved Wolfenstein parameters \bar\rho and \bar\eta are tabulated and the shape of the unitarity triangle is discussed. We compare the range for |V_{td}| with the one obtained from the analysis of B^0--\bar{B^0} mixing. For 0.037 \leq |V_{cb}| \leq 0.043, 0.06 \leq |V_{ub}/V_{cb}| \leq 0.10 and 0.65 \leq B_K \leq 0.85 we find from a combined analysis of \epsilon_K and the B^0--\bar{B^0} mixing paramater x_d: 49^{\circ} \leq \delta \leq 146^{\circ}, 7.4 \cdot 10^{-3} \leq |V_{td}| \leq 12.4 \cdot 10^{-3}, 0.85 \cdot 10^{-4} \leq \imag \lambda_t \leq 1.60 \cdot 10^{-4}, -0.36 \leq \bar\rho \leq 0.28 and 0.21 \leq \bar\eta \leq 0.44. We predict the mass difference of the B_s^0$ system to lie in the range 6.5 ps^{-1} \leq \Delta m_{B_s} \leq 28 ps^{-1}. Finally we have a 1995 look at the K_L--K_S mass difference.Comment: 28 pages in RevTeX, uses epsf. Tables and PostScript figures submitted seperately. A complete PostScript version may be obtained from URL ftp://feynman.t30.physik.tu-muenchen.de/pub/preprints/tum-81-95.ps.g

Exhaled Aerosols in SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase Chain Reaction-Positive Children and Age-Matched-Negative Controls

BackgroundChildren and adolescents seem to be less affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease in terms of severity, especially until the increasing spread of the omicron variant in December 2021. Anatomical structures and lower number of exhaled aerosols may in part explain this phenomenon. In a cohort of healthy and SARS-CoV-2 infected children, we compared exhaled particle counts to gain further insights about the spreading of SARS-CoV-2.Materials and MethodsIn this single-center prospective observational trial, a total of 162 children and adolescents (age 6–17 years), of whom 39 were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 123 PCR-negative, were included. The 39 PCR-positive children were compared to 39 PCR-negative age-matched controls. The data of all PCR-negative children were analyzed to determine baseline exhaled particle counts in children. In addition, medical and clinical history was obtained and spirometry was measured.ResultsBaseline exhaled particle counts were low in healthy children. Exhaled particle counts were significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive children (median 355.0/L; range 81–6955/L), compared to age-matched -negative children (median 157.0/L; range 1–533/L; p < 0.001).ConclusionSARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive children exhaled significantly higher levels of aerosols than healthy children. Overall children had low levels of exhaled particle counts, possibly indicating that children are not the major driver of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Trial Registration[ClinicalTrials.gov], Identifier [NCT04739020]