Entwicklung von sensitiven Nachweismethoden für canines HMGB1 und TNFα zur Untersuchung der Rolle dieser Faktoren bei der Sepsis

Trotz des Einsatzes verschiedenster sehr potenter Antibiotika und Antiphlogistika in Verbindung mit einer ausgereiften Intensivmedizinischen Betreuung ist die Sepsis sowohl in der Human- als auch in der Tiermedizin heute immer noch eine der häufigsten Todesursachen. Die Immunpathogenese der Erkrankung ist gekennzeichnet durch eine systemische Entzündungsreaktion, hervorgerufen durch eine frühe Sekretion des Zytokins Tumor Nekrose Faktor alpha (TNFα). Im Vergleich zu TNFα gilt dagegen das erst kürzlich entdeckte Zytokin High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) als später proinflammatorischer Faktor. Um nun die Rolle dieser beiden Zytokine in der caninen Sepsis näher zu untersuchen, wurden neue sensitive Nachweismethoden etabliert und zusätzlich zwei bereits kommerziell erhältliche Substanzen aus der Humanmedizin zur Neutralisation von caninem TNFα in vitro getestet. Anhand bereits publizierter Sequenzen und mit Hilfe der Ensembl Datenbank konnten per PCR die Sequenzen für canines TNFα, TNFR1 (P60), HMGB1 und dessen Rezeptor RAGE kloniert und die Proteine rekombinant exprimiert werden. Die Bioaktivität und die Konzentration des rcanTNFα wurden in einem Zytotoxizitäts Assay mit der Zelllinie WEHI164 getestet. Die Bioaktivität des P60-Fc Fusionsproteins wurde durch seine neutralisierende Wirkung auf das zytotoxische rcanTNFα im gleichen Assay nachgewiesen. Mit Hilfe des P60-Fc Fusionsproteins und einem kommerziellen biotinylierten Ziege-anti-Hund TNFα Antikörper konnte ein entsprechender sensitiver ELISA aufgebaut werden. Gleichzeitig wurden ebenfalls im WEHI-Bioassay die zwei humanen anti-TNFα Therapeutika Infliximab und Ethanercept auf ihre Eigenschaft zur Bindung und Neutralisation von caninem TNFα hin getestet Nur Ethanercept konnte dabei das Zytokin binden und neutralisieren. Anschließend wurden Plasmaproben von 79 klinisch an Sepsis erkrankten Hunden analysiert und im TNFα ELISA quantifiziert. Keine der untersuchten Proben wies dabei jedoch einen erhöhten Spiegel an TNFα im Plasma auf. Aus diesem Grund wurden nun auch mit Hilfe zweier polyklonaler Seren gegen rcanHMGB1 und gegen eine spezifische Peptidsequenz des Zytokins ein Western Blot Verfahren und ein Capture ELISA für die Messung von HMGB1 aufgebaut. HMGB1 konnte dabei allerdings sowohl bei gesunden als auch bei sepsiskranken Hunden in vergleichbaren Mengen nachgewiesen werden

Pembangunan Database Destinasi Pariwisata Indonesia dan Implementasinya pada Sistem Berbasis Web

Regarding to: (1) the increasing region\u27s need in developing tourism destinations; (2) the needs of tourists in selecting appropriate attractions according to specified criteria; (3) the need of travel businesses to offer sights of interest in accordance with the needs of potential tourists, (4) the need to deepen and continue our previous research titled "Development of Tourism Destination Media Potential and Utilizing Local Resources in the Era of Autonomy and Regional Expansion ", we need to develop a complete database of tourism destinations in Indonesia that can facilitate those needs. We build a web-based database that is capable of storing complete information about Indonesian tourism destinations in thorough, systematic, and structured way. It is also able to classify a variety of attractions based on attributes such as: location (the name of the island, province, district), type/ tourism products, how to achieve the object, cost, and a variety of informal information, such as the ins and outs of the attraction area incorporated by the local or tourist experiences. The research will focus on deepening and refinement of the model and database structure design and implementation with the collection, processing, and data entry of primary and secondary data which amounts to approximately 140 tourism destinations in Indonesia. The research is arranged in stages as follows: (1) designing models and the database structure, (2) making a web-based program, (3) installation and hosting ; (4) data collection, (5) data processing and data entry, (6) evaluation and improvement/ refinement. Once developed, the database can be used as a starting point in the development of Data Warehouse, Decision Support System, and Expert System for Indonesian tourism industry

Resonant vibrations, peak broadening and noise in single molecule contacts: beyond the resonant tunnelling picture

We carry out experiments on single-molecule junctions at low temperatures, using the mechanically controlled break junction technique. Analyzing the results received with more than ten different molecules the nature of the first peak in the differential conductance spectra is elucidated. We observe an electronic transition with a vibronic fine structure, which is most frequently smeared out and forms a broad peak. In the usual parameter range we find strong indications that additionally fluctuations become active even at low temperatures. We conclude that the electrical field feeds instabilities, which are triggered by the onset of current. This is underscored by noise measurements that show strong anomalies at the onset of charge transport

Experimental Evidence for Quantum Interference and Vibrationally Induced Decoherence in Single-Molecule Junctions

We analyze quantum interference and decoherence effects in single-molecule junctions both experimentally and theoretically by means of the mechanically controlled break junction technique and density-functional theory. We consider the case where interference is provided by overlapping quasi-degenerate states. Decoherence mechanisms arising from the electronic-vibrational coupling strongly affect the electrical current flowing through a single-molecule contact and can be controlled by temperature variation. Our findings underline the all-important relevance of vibrations for understanding charge transport through molecular junctions.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

The dominantly expressed class II molecule from a resistant MHC haplotype presents only a few Marek's disease virus peptides by using an unprecedented binding motif.

Funder: Deutschen Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012353Funder: Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (D)Viral diseases pose major threats to humans and other animals, including the billions of chickens that are an important food source as well as a public health concern due to zoonotic pathogens. Unlike humans and other typical mammals, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of chickens can confer decisive resistance or susceptibility to many viral diseases. An iconic example is Marek's disease, caused by an oncogenic herpesvirus with over 100 genes. Classical MHC class I and class II molecules present antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes, and it has been hard to understand how such MHC molecules could be involved in susceptibility to Marek's disease, given the potential number of peptides from over 100 genes. We used a new in vitro infection system and immunopeptidomics to determine peptide motifs for the 2 class II molecules expressed by the MHC haplotype B2, which is known to confer resistance to Marek's disease. Surprisingly, we found that the vast majority of viral peptide epitopes presented by chicken class II molecules arise from only 4 viral genes, nearly all having the peptide motif for BL2*02, the dominantly expressed class II molecule in chickens. We expressed BL2*02 linked to several Marek's disease virus (MDV) peptides and determined one X-ray crystal structure, showing how a single small amino acid in the binding site causes a crinkle in the peptide, leading to a core binding peptide of 10 amino acids, compared to the 9 amino acids in all other reported class II molecules. The limited number of potential T cell epitopes from such a complex virus can explain the differential MHC-determined resistance to MDV, but raises questions of mechanism and opportunities for vaccine targets in this important food species, as well as providing a basis for understanding class II molecules in other species including humans

Tissue and time specific expression pattern of interferon regulated genes in the chicken

Abstract Background Type I interferons are major players against viral infections and mediate their function by the induction of Interferon regulated genes (IRGs). Recently, it became obvious that these cytokines have a multitude of additional functions. Due to the unique features of the chickens’ immune system, available data from mouse models are not easily transferable; hence we performed an extensive analysis of chicken IRGs. Results A broad database search for homologues to described mammalian IRGs (common IRGs, cIRGs) was combined with a transcriptome analysis of spleen and lung at different time points after application of IFNα. To apply physiological amounts of IFN, half-life of IFN in the chicken was determined. Interestingly, the calculated 36 min are considerably shorter than the ones obtained for human and mouse. Microarray analysis revealed many additional IRGs (newly identified IRGs; nIRGs) and network analysis for selected IRGs showed a broad interaction of nIRGs among each other and with cIRGs. We found that IRGs exhibit a highly tissue and time specific expression pattern as expression quality and quantity differed strongly between spleen and lung and over time. While in the spleen for many affected genes changes in RNA abundance peaked already after 3 h, an increasing or plateau-like regulation after 3, 6 and 9 h was observed in the lung. Conclusions The induction or suppression of IRGs in chickens is both tissue and time specific and beside known antiviral mechanisms type I IFN induces many additional cellular functions. We confirmed many known IRGs and established a multitude of so far undescribed ones, thus providing a large database for future research on antiviral mechanisms and additional IFN functions in non-mammalian species

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Tissue and time specific expression pattern of interferon regulated genes in the chicken

Common ISGs Extensive comparative database analysis to relate known mammalian ISGs to annotated chicken genes using entries in INTERFEROME, the ISG-database, KEGG, Reactome and several publications all annotated 13,353 genes on a customized laboratory internal Agilent 4x44K chicken Genome microarray. (XLSX 339 kb

Additional file 3: Table S3. of Tissue and time specific expression pattern of interferon regulated genes in the chicken

Overview on pharmacokinetic parameters of rec chIFNα in LSL chickens. (DOCX 16 kb

Species-specific evolution of immune receptor tyrosine based activation motif-containing CEACAM1-related immune receptors in the dog

Abstract Background Although the impact of pathogens on the evolution of the mammalian immune system is still under debate, proteins, which both regulate immune responses and serve as cellular receptors for pathogens should be at the forefront of pathogen-driven host evolution. The CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) gene family codes for such proteins and indeed shows tremendous species-specific variation between human and rodents. Since little is known about the CEA gene family in other lineages of placental mammals, we expected to gain new insights into the evolution of the rapidly diverging CEA family by analyzing the CEA family of the dog. Results Here we describe the complete CEA gene family in the dog. We found that the gene coding for the ITIM-bearing immunoregulatory molecule CEACAM1 gave rise to a recent expansion of the canine CEA gene family by gene duplication, similar to that previously found in humans and mice. However, while the murine and human CEACAMs (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules) are predominantly secreted and GPI-anchored, respectively, in the dog, most of the CEACAMs represent ITAM-bearing transmembrane proteins. One of these proteins, CEACAM28, exhibits nearly complete sequence identity with the ligand-binding N domain of CEACAM1, but antagonizing signaling motifs in the cytoplasmic tail. Comparison of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions indicates that the CEACAM28 N domain is under the strongest purifying selection of all canine CEACAM1-related CEACAMs. In addition, CEACAM28 shows a similar expression pattern in resting immune cells and tissues as CEACAM1. However, upon activation CEACAM28 mRNA and CEACAM1 mRNA are differentially regulated. Conclusion Thus, CEACAM1 and CEACAM28 are the first paired immune receptors identified within the CEA gene family, which are expressed on T cells and are most likely involved in the fine-tuning of T cell responses. The direction of gene conversion accompanied by purifying selection and expression in immune cells suggests the possibility that CEACAM28 evolved in response to selective pressure imposed by species-specific pathogens.</p