Illustrierte Bestimmungshilfe zur Unterscheidung von Candelaria concolor und Candelaria pacifica

Unterscheidungsmerkmale von Candelaria concolor und C. pacifica werden anhand von Makro- und Mikrofotos dargestellt. Im Gelände kann C. pacifica anhand der fehlenden Unterrinde erkannt werden.Characteristic features separating Candelaria concolor from C. pacifica are presented on macro and micro photographs. The lack of a lower cortex can be used to identify C. pacifica in the field

Behavior of a polymer chain in a critical binary solvent

We present a field-theoretic renormalization group analysis of a polymer chain immersed in a binary good solvent close to its critical demixing point. We first show that this problem can be mapped on a bicritical field theory, i.e. a $(\Phi^{2})^{2}$-model with a mass anisotropy. This implies that the end-to-end distance of the polymer is now controlled by a new critical exponent $\nu_{B}$ related to the quadratic mass anisotropy operator $B$. To show this we solve the RG equation and calculate explicitly the exponents and the mean end-to-end length of the chain.Comment: 6 pages, accepted in Europhys. Let

Eine einfache Methode zur Bioindikation der Umweltbelastung in einer Großstadt mit epiphytischen Flechten

Die Häufigkeit der beiden gegenüber Verkehrsimmissionen und städtischer Überwärmung toleranten Blattflechten Phaeophyscia nigricans und P. orbicularis bezogen auf die Deckung aller anderen epiphytischen Flechten wird als einfaches Instrument zur Bestimmung der Umweltbelastung einer Großstadt (Düsseldorf) überprüft.The frequency of transport immission and urban heat island formation tolerant, foliose lichens Phaeophyscia nigricans and P. orbicularis in proportion to the cover of all other epiphytic lichens is tested as a simple means for the estimation of environmental pollution within a big city

Alignment verification for electron beam lithography

Alignment between lithography layers is essential for device fabrication. A minor defect in a single marker can lead to incorrect alignment and this can be the source of wafer reworks. In this paper we show that this can be prevented by using extra alignment markers to check the alignment during patterning, rather than inspecting vernier patterns after the exposure is completed. Accurate vernier patterns can often only be read after pattern transfer has been carried out. We also show that by using a Penrose tile as a marker it is possible to locate the marker to about 1 nm without fully exposing the resist. This means that the marker can be reused with full accuracy, thus improving the layer to layer alignment accuracy. Lithography tool noise limits the process

The scaling behaviour of screened polyelectrolytes

We present a field-theoretic renormalization group (RG) analysis of a single flexible, screened polyelectrolyte chain (a Debye-H\"uckel chain) in a polar solvent. We point out that the Debye-H\"uckel chain may be mapped onto a local field theory which has the same fixed point as a generalised $n \to 1$ Potts model. Systematic analysis of the field theory shows that the system is one with two interplaying length-scales requiring the calculation of scaling functions as well as exponents to fully describe its physical behaviour. To illustrate this, we solve the RG equation and explicitly calculate the exponents and the mean end-to-end length of the chain.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure; changed title and slight modification to tex

Admiralty - Collision - Last Clear Chance

The City of Calcutta anchored in the navigation channel as an emergency precaution on a foggy night. The vessel was hit by a scow in tow of the tug Brooklyn, whose navigator had observed the anchored ship for ten minutes. The scow sank and its owner sought to hold the City of Calcutta liable for failure to get underway after the fog had lifted. Held, libel dismissed. Even if the Calcutta was remiss in not moving, no liability could attach because the Brooklyn had the last clear chance of avoiding the accident. Arundel Corp. v. The City of Calcutta, (E.D. N.Y. 1958) 172 F. Supp. 593. In another case, libellant\u27s two tugs were trying to free their grounded barge by weaving and swinging across the navigation channel. Respondent\u27s tug collided with the barge in an attempt to pass the other two tugs. The district court divided the damages equally because libellant was at fault in blocking the channel and respondent was at fault in trying to pass without signals when the danger was clear. On appeal by libellant, held, decree affirmed. Last clear chance is applicable in admiralty but not where the negligence of both parties continues up to the moment of the accident. Cenac Towing Co. v. Richmond, (5th Cir. 1959) 265 F. (2d) 466