Antioksidativna i antimikrobna aktivnost fitogela novije generacije

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a new phyto-gel were studied in this work. The formulated gel is composed of propilene glycol extracts of St. John's worth (H. perforatum L.), comfrey (S. officinale L.), yarrow (A. millefolium L.), horsetail (E. arvense L.) and Na-usniate. The antioxidant activity was determined for the gel and each investigated extract of the gel separately by the DPPH test. The total phenols and flavonoids content was determined spectrophotometrically, for the gel and each investigated extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the gel and each compound separately was tested in vitro on the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The antioxidant activity of the investigated samples decreases in the series: H. perforatum (EC50 = 1.04 mg/mL) > Na-usniate (EC50 = 4.16 mg/mL) > A. millefolium (EC50 = 7.60 mg/mL) > gel (EC50 = 23.47 mg/mL) > S. officinale (EC50 = 30.10 mg/mL) > E. arvense (EC50 = 44.70 mg/mL). The formulated phyto-gel showed the antimicrobial activity. The results suggest that the obtained phyto-gel is a good source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, and it has potential as an alternative to synthetic products in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.U radu je ispitivana antioksidativna i antimikrobna aktivnost fitogela - formulacija gela sa propilen-glikolnim ekstraktima H. perforatum, S. officinale, A. millefolium, E. arvense i Na-usninatom. Primenom DPPH testa određena je antioksidativna aktivnost svih ispitivanih ekstrakata, Na-usninata i gela. Primenom spektrofotometrijskih metoda određen je sadržaj ukupnih fenola i flavonoida u ekstraktima i formulisanom gelu. Antimikrobna aktivnost gela, kao i njegovih pojedinačnih komponenata, je ispitivana in vitro na sledećim mikroorganizmima: Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans i Aspergillus niger. Antioksidativna aktivnost ispitivanih uzoraka opada u nizu: H. perforatum (EC50=1,04 mg/ml) > Na-usnate (EC50=4,16 mg/ml) > A. millefolium (EC50=7,60 mg/ml) > gel (EC50=23,47 mg/ml) > S. officinale (EC50=30,10 mg/ml) > E. arvense (EC50 44,70 mg/ml). Formulisani fitogel je pokazao i antimikrobnu aktivnost. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da ispitivani fitogel predstavlja izvor prirodnih antioksidanasa i antimikrobnih agenasa, sa mogućom primenom u farmaceutsko-kozmetičkoj industriji kao alternativa sintetičkim proizvodima

Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Field-Grown and In Vitro Leaves, and Calluses in Blackberry and Blueberry

The aim of this study was to evaluate the content and profile of the phenolic compounds (PCs) and antioxidant properties of field-grown leaves, in vitro leaves and in vitro callus cultures of the blackberry ‘Čačanska Bestrna’ and blueberry ‘Toro’. In vitro shoots of the selected genotypes were grown either on original Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg/L BA, 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L GA3 (‘Čačanska Bestrna’) or on MS medium with macroelements reduced to 1/2, 2 mg/L zeatin and 0.2 mg/L IAA (‘Toro’). Callus cultures were induced from in vitro leaves and established on MS medium with 2 mg/L BA and 2 mg/L 2,4-D (‘Čačanska Bestrna’) or MS medium with half strength macroelements, 2 mg/L BA, 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L NAA (‘Toro’). Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) were the highest in blueberry leaves, whereas low TPC and TFC values were obtained in callus cultures of both cultivars. A higher content of PCs in blueberry leaves compared to blackberry leaves was determined by the UHPLC-DAD MS/MS technique. Quercetin derivatives and phenolic acids were the dominant PCs in the leaves of both berries, whereas gallocatechin was present in a significant amount in blueberry leaves. Callus cultures of both berries had a specific PC profile, with none detected in the leaves except quercetin-3O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside. Blackberry leaves showed the best antioxidant properties as estimated by ferric reducing power (FRP), ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging activity assays. Callus cultures of both berries exhibited three to five times lower ABTS•+ and ten to seventeen times lower DPPH• scavenging activity compared to corresponding leaves. The analyzed leaves and callus cultures can be a good source of PCs with good antioxidant properties and specific phenolics, respectively, for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries

THERMAL DEGRADATION, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE SYNTHESIZED ALLICIN AND ALLICIN INCORPORATED IN GEL

The main carriers of the pharmacological activity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are organic sulfur compounds, the most important among them being allicin, a sulfenic acid thioester, or allylthiosulfonate. In this paper, the identification of synthesized and purified allicin was determined by using various spectroscopic methods (UV/Vis, FTIR and NMR). An HPLC method was developed for the detection and determination of the allicin content. The thermal degradation of allicin by using FTIR method was monitored. The method for the production of allicin gel based on Carbopol 940 (poly(acrylic acid)) was elaborated. The antimicrobial activity of pure allicin and allicin incurporated into gel by using a disk diffusion method was determined. In order to determine the antioxidant activity of allicin DPPH testing was done and it was proved that with low concentrations (1 mg⋅cm-3) a high DPPH radicals scavenging capacity (90%) was achieved. The main carriers of the pharmacological activity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are organic sulfur compounds, the most important among them being allici

Aqueous Extract of Wild Cyclamen Tubers (Cyclamen Purpurascens L.) - A Potential Source of Natural Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Agents

Wild cyclamen tubers (Cyclamen purpurascens Mill.) (mountain Kukavica, Southeast Serbia) were used as material for extraction in this study. Aqueous extract was obtained by reflux extraction on boiling temperature with hydromodulus 1:20 m/v during 180 minutes. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu, and the total flavonoids content by method with AlCl3. The antioxidant activity of extract was investigated spectrophotometrically by DPPH and ABTS test. Disc-diffusion method was used for antimicrobial activity investigation on the following pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The content of total phenols was 8.27 mg GAE/g dry extract while the total flavonoid content was 11.51 mg RE/g dry extract. The extract concentrations required to neutralize 50% of the initial concentration of DPPH radicals (EC50) after 20 minutes incubation and immediately after adding DPPH radical solution were 0.413 and 2.0 mg/ml, respectively, while concentrations of extract required to neutralize 50% of the initial ABTS radicals concentration is 0.743 mg/ml. The extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity on bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The presented results indicate that cyclamen tubers extract is a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial andAntioxidant Activity of Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) Buds Essential Oil

The essential oil from birch (Betula pendula Roth.) buds was obtained by Clevenger-type hydrodistillation. Its qualitative and quantitative composition was determined by gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and flame ionization detection (GC/FID), respectively. Twenty-seven compounds, mainly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (78.7%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (14.8%), were identified comprising 93.5% of total identified components in the essential oil. The most abundant compounds were germacrene D (21.7%) and -cadinene (17.0%). Antimicrobial activity of isolated essential oil against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungus Candida albicans was determined using the disc-diffusion method. The isolated essential oil has shown antimicrobial activity against the following microorganisms: Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus luteus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antioxidative activity of the essential oil was determined using the DPPH assay, after adding DPPH radical and after 20min, 30min and 60min incubation with radical. Essential oil showed antioxidant activity

Thermal degradation, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the synthesized allicin and allicin incorporated in gel

The main carriers of the pharmacological activity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are organic sulfur compounds, the most important among them being allicin, a sulfenic acid thioester, or allylthiosulfonate. In this paper, the identification of synthesized and purified allicin was determined by using various spectroscopic methods (UV/VIS, FTIR, NMR). A HPLC method was developed for the detection and determination of the allicin content. The thermal degradation of allicin by using FTIR method was monitored. The method for the production of allicin gel based on Carbopol 940 (poly(acrylic acid)) was elaborated. The antimicrobial activity of pure allicin and allicin incorporated into gel by using a disk diffusion method was determined. In order to determine the antioxidant activity of allicin DPPH test was done and it was proved that with low concentrations (1 mgcm-3) a high DPPH radicals scavenging capacity (90%) was achieved

Kinetika hidrodestilacije i sastav etarskog ulja fermentiranog semena peršuna

The effect of fermentation conditions on the yield and composition of the essential oil from Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex. A.W. Hill seeds was studied. The yield of essential oil was determined by a Clevenger-type apparatur, and the composition of the oil by GC analysis. The highest yield of essential oil (5.90 mL per 100 g, i.e. 96.7% in regard to the oil content in parsley seeds) was obtained from disintegrated parsley seeds fermented for 4 h at 30°C with a hydromodulus of 1:20 w/v, after the sixth hydrodistillation each lasting 240 minutes. The obtained oil contained α-pinene, ß-pinene, sabinene, myristicin, 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxy-1-allylbenzene, apiole and 1,2 benzene-dicarbonic acid. The density of the oil (d25) was 1.039 g/mL3, the refractive index, (nD20) was 1.5214 and the oil solubility was 8 volume parts of 80% vol. ethanol for 1 mL of oil.Peršun (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex. A.W. Hill) je dvogodišnja biljka poznata po antimikrobnom, baktericidnom, hipotenzitivnom, laksativnom, diuretičnom i spazmolitičkom dejstvu. Seme peršuna sadrži 3-7% etarskog ulja koje se uglavnom dobija parnom destilacijom. U radu je ispitan uticaj uslova fermentacije na prinos i sastav etarskog ulja iz nesamlevenog i samlevenog semena peršuna. Seme je fermentirano na temperaturama 28-39°C u toku 2-8 sati i za­tim praćena kinetika hidrodestilacije etarskog ulja. Prinos ulja određen je primenom Clevenger-aparature, a sastav ulja GC analizom. Prinos i sastav ulja zavise od uslova fermentacije i mlevenja semena. Najveći prinos ulja (5,90 mL/100 g biljnog materijala, odnosno 96,7% u odnosu na sadržaj ulja u semenu) ostvaren je sa samlevenim semenom peršuna fermentiranim na temperaturi 30°C, u toku 4 sati, pri hidromodulu 1:20 m/v i hidrodestilacijom u seriji od šest uzastopnih proba. Korišćen je postupak hidrodestilacije u kome se vodena faza suspenzije iz prethodnih destilacija koristi za kvašenje biljnog materijala u narednim destilacijama. U ulju su gasnom hromatografijom identifikovani α-pinen, ß-pinen, sabinen, miristicin, 2,3,4,5-tetrametoksi-1-alilbenzen, apiol i 1,2-benzendikarbonska kiselina. U literaturi se sve komponente izuzev sabinena, 1,2 benzendikarbonske kiseline i mirtenala, pominju kao komponente identifikovane u ulju semena peršuna. Gustina ulja (d25) je 1,039 g/mL, indeks refrakcije (nD20) 1,5214, a 8 zapreminskih delova 80% vol. etanola je potrebno za rastvaranje 1 mL ulja. Vrednosti fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika dobijenih ulja pokazuju dobro slaganje sa literaturnim podacima

Separation of digoxin by luiquid-luiquid extraction from extracts of foxglove secondary glycosides

The present study deals with the extraction of digoxin (Dgx) from chloroform and trichloroethylene extracts of the secondary glycosides of fermented foxglove (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) foliage by liquid-liquid extraction. The extraction degree (ED) of Dgx achieved by maceration and percolation using 10% vol. aqueous ethanol solutions were higher than 95%. Using trichlorethylene and chloroform, the ED of Dgx of about 100% and 96%, respectively from the liquid ethanolic extracts (macerate or percolate) were achieved by the four-cycle extraction. Fifteen separating funnels were employed for the liquid-liquid extraction. Three different four-component two-phase systems (ethanol:water - chloroform:ethyl acetate, ethanol:water - chloroform:trichloroethylene and ethanol:water - trichloroethylene:ethyl acetate) were tested as an extracting solvent to get the final product having more than 98% of Dgx. The initial amount of the chloroform or trichloroethylene extract in the light phase was varied between 5 and 25 g/L, while the volume ratio of light and heavy phases was in the range of 1:1 to 1:2. The best Dgx yield of 98% was achieved with the system ethanol:water - chloroform:trichloroethylene 35:15:20:30 at the volume ratio of the phases of 1:1.1 and at the initial amount of the extract of 15 g/L. Purity of the separated digoxin was 99.8 %. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-34012

TYROSINASE INHIBITORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF WILD ROSA CANINA L. AND SORBUS AUCUPARIA L. FRUIT EXTRACTS

In the present work, fruits from two plant species, Rosa canina L. and Sorbus aucuparia L., popular in traditional folk medicine in Serbia, were studied. The aim was to examine and compare the efficiency of the ultrasonic extraction with different solvents regarding physicochemical properties, polyphenolic profile of extracts, as well as their tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activity. The polyphenols evaluation indicated that water was the best solvent for a thorough extraction of bioactive compounds from the R. canina fruits, while propylene glycol-water (45:55, v/v) was the most efficient regarding S. aucuparia fruits, followed by ethanol-water (7:3, v/v). Only flavonoids were more abundant in S. aucuparia fruit extracts. R. canina water extracts showed a higher antioxidant activity, using several in vitro tests with different working principles. However, S. aucuparia ultrasonic extracts with propylene glycol-water (45:55, v/v) demonstrated a higher potential concerning tyrosinase inhibitory and chelating activity. Therefore, these ultrasonic extracts, being great sources of natural anti-tyrosinase inhibitors and antioxidants, can be considered as promising candidates suitable for pharmaceutical application, as great sources of natural anti-tyrosinase inhibitors and antioxidants

Extraction of phenolic compounds from black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) seed by deep eutectic solvents

This study reports for the first time the total extractive matter yield, total phenolics and total flavonoids content (TPC and TFC, respectively), chemical composition, and ability to scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals of the black mustard seed (BMS) extracts obtained by deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The following DESs: triethanolamine:glycerol (TEOA:G), triethanolamine:propylene glycol (TEOA:PEG), and choline chloride:urea (ChCl:U), as well as their mixtures with water and ethanol at a ratio of 1:4 (v/v), were used. Their extraction efficiencies were compared with the efficiency of ethanol that is most frequently used to extract phenolic compounds from BMS. The TPC and TFC of the obtained extracts were in the ranges of 19.9 +/- 0.1 to 32.2 +/- 0.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 3.9 +/- 0.1 to 7.4 +/- 0.3 mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. The BMS extracts obtained with the pure ChCl:U and the mixtures of ChCl:U or TEOA:G with ethanol showed the best antioxidant activity (IC50 = 100 mg/mL). The obtained extracts contained syringic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, caftaric acid, rutin, kaempferol, apigenin, taxifolin, hyperoside, and vitexin