Single Spin Measurement using Single Electron Transistors to Probe Two Electron Systems

We present a method for measuring single spins embedded in a solid by probing two electron systems with a single electron transistor (SET). Restrictions imposed by the Pauli Principle on allowed two electron states mean that the spin state of such systems has a profound impact on the orbital states (positions) of the electrons, a parameter which SET's are extremely well suited to measure. We focus on a particular system capable of being fabricated with current technology: a Te double donor in Si adjacent to a Si/SiO2 interface and lying directly beneath the SET island electrode, and we outline a measurement strategy capable of resolving single electron and nuclear spins in this system. We discuss the limitations of the measurement imposed by spin scattering arising from fluctuations emanating from the SET and from lattice phonons. We conclude that measurement of single spins, a necessary requirement for several proposed quantum computer architectures, is feasible in Si using this strategy.Comment: 22 Pages, 8 Figures; revised version contains updated references and small textual changes. Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Key Learning Outcomes for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Education in Europe: A Modified Delphi Study.

Harmonizing clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education in Europe is necessary to ensure that the prescribing competency of future doctors is of a uniform high standard. As there are currently no uniform requirements, our aim was to achieve consensus on key learning outcomes for undergraduate CPT education in Europe. We used a modified Delphi method consisting of three questionnaire rounds and a panel meeting. A total of 129 experts from 27 European countries were asked to rate 307 learning outcomes. In all, 92 experts (71%) completed all three questionnaire rounds, and 33 experts (26%) attended the meeting. 232 learning outcomes from the original list, 15 newly suggested and 5 rephrased outcomes were included. These 252 learning outcomes should be included in undergraduate CPT curricula to ensure that European graduates are able to prescribe safely and effectively. We provide a blueprint of a European core curriculum describing when and how the learning outcomes might be acquired

High resolution x‐ray absorption spectroscopy with absolute energy calibration for the determination of absorption edge energies

The general characteristics and spectrometric features of a high resolution four‐crystal reflection x‐ray monochromator with wavelength analysis installed at the HASYLAB beam line L at DESY are presented. The monochromator is part of a spectrometer developed to calibrate x‐ray absorption edge spectra in the energy range of 6–36 keV with a relative uncertainty ΔE/E from 10−5 to 10−6. This requires an extremely effective suppression of harmonics and also a negligible instrumental influence in order to obtain almost intrinsic spectra. As the results show, the monochromator fulfills the requirements, including very high stability. An example of the calibration procedure for the copper K edge is given as well as a comparison of the remeasured absorption edge energies with the previously tabulated data