Characterization of genetic structure of alfalfa (Medicago sp.) from trans-Himalaya using RAPD and ISSR markers

Twenty five (25) accessions of Lucerne (Medicago sp.) collected from Leh valley of trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir) were analyzed using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The results of this study revealed that the level of genetic variation in the collected Medicago ecotypes were relatively high (P=96.54%, I=0.430, Ht=0.285). RAPD fingerprinting detected more polymorphic loci (97.96%) than ISSR fingerprinting (95.12%). Clustering of genotypes within groups was not similar when RAPD and ISSR derived dendrogram were compared, whereas the pattern of clustering of the genotypes remained more or less the same in RAPD and combined data of RAPD + ISSR. The mean coefficient of differentiation (Gst) was 0.0584 indicating 30.23% of the genetic diversity within the populations. The overall value of mean estimated number of gene flow (Nm = 8.0682) revealed large gene exchanges among populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the distribution of genetic diversity was 49% among populations and 51% within populations. The plant is capable of reproducing by self-sowing, thus can influence population genetic structure. The pronounced genetic variation tells us that Medicago species is a proper plant for genetic research and that there is great potential of breeding this species for improved forage varieties.Key words: Genetic variation, ISSR, RAPD, Medicago species, population structure

Genomic DNA isolation from Artemisia species grown in cold desert high altitude of India

Artemisia which produces a large number of secondary metabolites is naturally found in cold desert high altitude environment of India. Secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, polysaccharides and terpenes represent a significant barrier to the extraction of pure genomic DNA. Thus, in this study, the DNA extraction protocol to extract pure genomic DNA from different Artemisia species was tailored. The protocol was based on the CTAB method with slight modifications. In the study, 1.6 M NaCl, 2% cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and 0.5% β-mercaptoethanol was used in the extraction buffer. The incubation period was kept for 1 h at 65°C with one-tenth of the volume of warm (55°C) 10% CTAB solution during the extraction process. This study described a reliable protocol for extracting good quality and optimum amount of DNA from Artemisia species suitable for PCR analysis.Key words: Artemisia, genomic DNA isolation, PCR amplification, secondary metabolites

The role of carbon in life's blueprint and carbon cycle understanding earth's essential cycling system: benefits and harms to our planet

This abstract provides a concise overview of carbon, carbon dioxide, and the carbon cycle. Carbon is an essential element for life on Earth, serving as the building block of organic molecules found in living organisms. Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, plays a dual role in supporting life through photosynthesis while also contributing to climate change when its concentration in the atmosphere increases due to human activities. The carbon cycle is a natural process that continuously cycles carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and living organisms. It plays a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate, supporting plant growth through photosynthesis, sequestering carbon in natural sinks, and sustaining various ecosystems. However, human activities have disrupted the carbon cycle, leading to adverse effects such as climate change, ocean acidification, and ecosystem disturbances. Mitigating these harmful impacts requires global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, conserve forests, and adopt sustainable practices to restore the balance of the carbon cycle and ensure a more sustainable future

Decadal variations in NDVI and food production in India

In this study we use long-term satellite, climate, and crop observations to document the spatial distribution of the recent stagnation in food grain production affecting the water-limited tropics (WLT), a region where 1.5 billion people live and depend on local agriculture that is constrained by chronic water shortages. Overall, our analysis shows that the recent stagnation in food production is corroborated by satellite data. The growth rate in annually integrated vegetation greenness, a measure of crop growth, has declined significantly (p < 0.10) in 23 of the WLT cropland area during the last decade, while statistically significant increases in the growth rates account for less than 2. Inmost countries, the decade-long declines appear to be primarily due to unsustainable crop management practices rather than climate alone. One quarter of the statistically significant declines are observed in India, which with the world's largest population of food-insecure people and largest WLT croplands, is a leading example of the observed declines. Here we show geographically matching patterns of enhanced crop production and irrigation expansion with groundwater that have leveled off in the past decade. We estimate that, in the absence of irrigation, the enhancement in dry-season food grain production in India, during 1982-2002, would have required an increase in annual rainfall of at least 30 over almost half of the cropland area. This suggests that the past expansion of use of irrigation has not been sustainable. We expect that improved surface and groundwater management practices will be required to reverse the recent food grain production declines. © 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland

A Feynman integral in Lifshitz-point and Lorentz-violating theories in R^D ⨁ R<i>^m</i>

We evaluate a 1-loop, 2-point, massless Feynman integral ID,m(p,q) relevant for perturbative field theoretic calculations in strongly anisotropic d=D+m dimensional spaces given by the direct sum RD ⨁ Rm . Our results are valid in the whole convergence region of the integral for generic (noninteger) codimensions D and m. We obtain series expansions of ID,m(p,q) in terms of powers of the variable X:=4p2/q4, where p=|p|, q=|q|, p Є RD, q Є Rm, and in terms of generalised hypergeometric functions 3F2(−X), when X&lt;1. These are subsequently analytically continued to the complementary region X≥1. The asymptotic expansion in inverse powers of X1/2 is derived. The correctness of the results is supported by agreement with previously known special cases and extensive numerical calculations

Structural Modification in Carbon Nanotubes by Boron Incorporation

We have synthesized boron-incorporated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by decomposition of ferrocene and xylene in a thermal chemical vapor deposition set up using boric acid as the boron source. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies of the synthesized CNT samples showed that there was deterioration in crystallinity and improvement in alignment of the CNTs as the boron content in precursor solution increased from 0% to 15%. Raman analysis of these samples showed a shift of ~7 cm−1in wave number to higher side and broadening of the G band with increasing boron concentration along with an increase in intensity of the G band. Furthermore, there was an increase in the intensity of the D band along with a decrease in its wave number position with increase in boron content. We speculate that these structural modifications in the morphology and microstructure of CNTs might be due to the charge transfer from boron to the graphite matrix, resulting in shortening of the carbon–carbon bonds

Daidzein Prevents the Increase in CD4+CD28null T Cells and B Lymphopoesis in Ovariectomized Mice: A Key Mechanism for Anti-Osteoclastogenic Effect

Estrogen deficiency leads to an upregulation of TNF-α producing T cells and B-lymphopoesis which augments osteoclastogenesis. Estrogen deficiency also increases the population of premature senescent CD4+CD28null T cells which secrete a higher amount of TNF-α thus leading to enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Isoflavonoids like daidzein and genistein are found mostly in soybeans, legumes, and peas. These share structural similarity with 17β-stradiol (E2) and have osteoprotective role. This study explores the effect of daidzein (Daid) on the proliferation of TNF-α producing T cells, premature senescent T cells and B cell lymphopoesis under estrogen deficient conditions. For this study adult Balb/c mice were treated with Daid at 10 mg/kg body weight dose by oral gavage daily post ovariectomy (Ovx). After six weeks animals were autopsied and bone marrow and spleen cells were collected for FACS analysis. Blood serum was collected for ELISA. It was observed that Ovx mice treated with Daid for six weeks show reduction in Ovx induced expansion of CD4+ T cells in bone marrow and spleen when analysed by flow cytometry. Estrogen deficiency led to increased prevalence of TNF-α secreting CD4+CD28null T cells, however, treatment with Daid increased the percentage of CD4+CD28+ T cells. Co-culture of CD4+CD28null T cells and bone marrow resulted in enhanced osteoclastogenesis as evident by increased tartarate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression, an osteoclast marker. However, treatment with Daid resulted in reduced osteoclastogenesis in CD4+CD28null T cells and bone marrow cell co-culture. Daid also regulated B lymphopoesis and decreased mRNA levels of RANKL in B220+ cells. Taken together, we propose that one of the mechanisms by which Daid prevents bone loss is by reversing the detrimental immune changes as a result of estrogen deficiency