AN UPDATE ON NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS

An rodent animal model of pain offers a powerful tool in order to understand the mechanism involved in peripheral nerve injury for preclinical study of pain. A battery of neuropathic pain models has been developed to simulate the clinical pain conditions with diverse etiology. This article reviews some of the most widely used or promising new models for chronic pain. Partial spinal ligation, chronic constriction injury, and L5/l6 spinal nerve ligation represent three of the best-characterized rodent models of peripheral neuropathy. For reasons of reproducibility and simplicity, most studies of neuropathic pain are based upon animal models of traumatic nerve injury, usually in the rat sciatic nerve. The present review exhaustively discusses the methodology, behavioral alterations of different animal models of neuropathic pain along with their modiï¬cations. Development of these models has contributed immensely in understanding the chronic pain and underlying peripheral as well as central pathogenic mechanisms.Keywords: Peripheral neuropathy, Neuropathic pain, Chronic constriction injury, Spinal nerve ligation, Partial sciatic nerve ligatio

Prognosis of Disease that may Occur with Growing Age using Confabulation Based Algorithm

The enduring diagnosis of patient’s medical records might be useful to determine the causes that are responsible for a particular disease. So that, one can take early preventive measures to curtail the risk of diseases that may occur with the growing age. Consequently, this can enhance the life expectancy probability. Here, a new algorithm CMARM is proposed for analysis of symptoms in order to find out the disease that may occur frequently and rarely with growing age. It uses map reduce paradigm inspired by cognitive learning. It is concerned with acquisition of problem-solving skills, intelligence and conscious thought and uses prevailing knowledge to generate new rules. It has been evaluated over synthetic data sets collected from the health data repository. Since, CMARM requires one-time file access therefore, it is consistently faster and also consuming less memory space than the FP tree based algorithm

Cyber Crimes and Phishing Attacks

This overview gives the basic introduction of cyber laws and phishing attacks, defines the terms used in the indus try and research field, outline the detail of cyber laws and architecture of prevention from phishing. It provides a brief summary of anti - phishing and provides a good foundation for understanding the effects and prevention of phishin

Adolescent Girls’ Psychosocial Experiences Following Transition out of Institutionalized Care: A Qualitative Exploration of Life at an After-Care Program in Delhi, India

Estimates suggest that approximately one million adolescents age out of institutionalized care in India every year (Dutta, 2016). Unfortunately, little is known about their post-transition experiences, specifically within the context of after-care programs.This study aimed to describe and understand adolescent girls’ subjective experiences of life in an after-care facility after transitioning out of institutionalized care in Delhi, India. A Qualitative approach - Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith et al., 2010) - was employed to answer the central research question: What are the psychosocial experiences of adolescent girls (18-19 years old) who have recently (1-6 months ago) transitioned from institutionalized care to an after-care program in Delhi, India? iThrough a process of purposive sampling, ten girls who had recently (1-6 months ago) transitioned into an after-care facility were recruited into the study. Participation required completion of an open-ended, semi-structured interview with the researcher. Participants were also given the option to engage in two additional unstructured interviews. A total of 20 interviews were included in this study.Audio recordings of interviews were transliterated into English and analyzed by the researcher through a process of inductive, line-by-line coding. Five major themes emerged from the data: i) Developing a Sense of Self, ii) Seeking, Avoiding, and Managing Intimacy, iii) Striving to Accomplish One’s Goals, iv) Grappling with Independence: Feeling Untethered, Learning to be Self-Reliant, and v) Psychological Distress: Experiences and Treatment. In the Discussion section, findings are situated within the context of existing literature, discussed in light of the socio-cultural setting in which they evolved, considered in relation to the psychosocial experiences of non-institutionalized adolescent girls in urban India, and interpreted in terms of Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1958). The significance of interpersonal relationships across themes is understood as indication that the girls’ view themselves and the world in relational terms; Relational-Cultural Theory (Miller, 1976; Jordan, 2010) is drawn upon to help make sense of girls’ ongoing experiences from a relational perspective. Implications for future research, social work practice, and limitations of the study are also discussed

PIERS calculator- predicting adverse maternal outcome in preeclampsia

Background: Preeclampsia is a multisystem, highly variable disorder unique to pregnancy. For preeclampsia arising remote from term, supportive and temporizing measures are used to improve perinatal outcome. However, the magnitude of the maternal risks associated with expectant management is unclear. The PIER (preeclampsia integrated estimate of risk) score is a recently designed tool which assesses maternal signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings to generate a valid and reliable algorithm for predicting maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with preeclampsia.Methods: The present study was a prospective hospital based observational study carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sultania Zanana Hospital, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. A total of 125 women with preeclampsia who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Along with history and examination, all relevant and required investigations were done. The fullPIERS calculator was used to calculate the risk of adverse maternal outcome.Results: In the present study, 82(65.6%) women were in the low risk category and only 4 (4.87%) had adverse maternal outcome. High risk patients were 6 (4.8%) and amongst them 5 (83.33%) women had adverse maternal outcome (p-value <0.00001). The result was statistically significant in identifying high risk cases in our study.Conclusions: The fullPIERS calculator gave good results in prediction of adverse maternal outcome according to risk score in women with preeclampsia in our study. It will help the clinicians better manage the patients with preeclampsia specially remote from term and also help health workers in primary and secondary care centres to identify women who are or may become severely ill and who need specialist care and prevent delays in transporting these women to facilities where they can receive appropriate care

Impact of different musical nodes and vibrations on plant development

The effects of ambient environmental factors on physiological attributes of plants have been explored extensively. Among all the factors, impact of sound on the plants is an interesting aspect to study. This review attempts to comprehend the impact of sound waves on the development and behaviour of the plants. Musical nodes with healing energy have a certain impact on seeds germination. This can enhance overall plant health by improving growth and resistance, beyond chemical triggers.. In past, seed growth and germination behaviour, influenced by different pre-treatments has been studied for different plants. This review is an effort to provide an indication of the recent results, constraints, and prospective applications of sound wave therapy as a physical trigger for modulating physiological characteristics and giving plants an adaptive benefit. Sound wave therapy is now emerging as a fresh promotion for protecting crops from harmful circumstances and maintaining plant fitness

Comparative investigation to analyse the critical role of NFE2L2 gene in heavy metal induced toxicity through in silico approaches

Background: Accumulation of heavy metals like copper, nickel, arsenic, cobalt, and cadmium are increasing day by day. Accumulation of these heavy metals poses serious threats to human health. Elemental toxicity percentage has been found to be increased day-by-day and creating different minor to major problems from tissue to the gene level. Different important gene expressions are altered due to the contamination of such heavy metals. The present study aimed to identify a common target gene that is involved in the toxicity of major heavy metals and to study the major impact of the gene on the concerned biological system. Methods: In the progression of the work, major genes involved in copper, nickel, arsenic, cobalt, and cadmium toxicity were listed through intense data curation, and a pathway showing the correlation and physical interaction of all the genes that were constructed using in-silico tools STRING and Gene Mania database. Further, functional and expression analysis of the discovered gene was done using in-silico tools like genome-wide association study (GWAS), genotype-tissue expression (GTEx), and RegulomeDB. Results: According to the network analysis, NFE2L2 was recognized as a common target involved in the above-mentioned heavy metals toxicity. Expression analysis revealed that the highest expression of NFE2L2 was observed in tissues of oesophagus, ovary, bladder, vagina, thyroid, and skin. Detailed investigation at the pathway level revealed that the involvement was importantly observed in immunodeficiency and developmental delay. Conclusion: The study opened a wide vision that the major target of such toxicants is various pathways of neurobiological distress and biological processes, and hence, it can be considered as a susceptible target for heavy metals-induced toxicity. Keywords: Heavy metals, Brain, Gene expression, Environmental pollutant