A multimodal staged approach for the resection of a Sylvian aqueduct rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor: A case report and literature review

Abstract Background and importance The rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor (RGNT) is a rare central nervous system tumor which often arises intraventricularly. We report the first surgical case of an RGNT arising from the Sylvian aqueduct treated through a double approach. Clinical presentation A 25-year-old female presented with triventricular hydrocephalus on MRI secondary to a 2 cm Sylvian aqueduct mass. Emergent endoscopic third ventriculostomy with biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of RGNT. She was first followed up and due to the rapid tumor's growth a double surgical approach was proposed. The first was a telo-velar approach to the lower third of the aqueduct. The second stage was an endoscopic ultrasound aspirator aided transfrontal transforaminal approach; last postoperative MRI shows a 6 mm residual tumor. Patient leads an active working and social life. Conclusion Choosing a two stages approach for this rare and complex Sylvian aqueduct RGNT resulted in a positive clinical and radiological outcome

Practical prognostic score for predicting the extent of resection and neurological outcome of gliomas in the sensorimotor area

OBJECTIVE: In this prospective study, we assessed the utility of a novel prognostic score (PS) in guiding the surgical strategy of patients with sensorimotor area gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Form December 2012 to April 2016, we collected data from patients diagnosed with brain gliomas in the sensorimotor area. All the patients had intraoperatively confirmed contiguity or continuity with sensorimotor cortical and subcortical structures. Several clinical and radiological factors were analyzed to generate a PS for each patient (range 1-8). The end-points included the extent of resection (EOR) and neurological outcome (modified Rankin Score; mRS). We assessed the predictive power of the PS using different analyses. Crosstabs analyses and Fisher's exact test (Fet) were used to evaluate the possible predictive parameters, and for the classification of positive or negative outcomes for the chosen proxies; the significance threshold was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Using independent t-tests, we compared the mRS at different time points (pre, post, and at 6 months) for 2 subgroups from the total sample using a cut-off PS value of 4. For the EOR, a PS value of ≥5 was predictive of successful outcome, a value of 4 indicated an uncertain outcome, and a value of ≤3 predicted a worse outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This PS value can be easily used in clinical settings to help predict the functional outcome and EOR in sensorimotor area tumors. Integration with information from fMRI, DTI, and TMS, along with MRI spectroscopy could further enhance the value of this P

Epidemiology-based evaluation of trends in treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysms in Italy

Background: In recent years there have been significant advances in the diagnosis, management and treatment of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in Italy. Changes in prevalence of several epigenetic risk factors in the population as well as in environmental factors may have influenced the epidemiological burden of this disease. No long-term, population-based study about the incidence of treated ruptured IAs (rIAs) in Italy has yet been reported in literature. Methods: A long-term (January 2015 - December 2020), nationwide epidemiology study was performed by using discharge data collected by the Italian National Agency for Regional Healthcare Services with a particular focus on the treatment incidence of rIAs. A sub-analysis per macro-areas (north, center, and south and islands) was also performed, including the data about regional healthcare systems organization. The prevalence of common epigenetic and environmental risk factors has been also assessed. Results: Over 6 years, the mean incidence of rIAs treatment was 2.7 x 100.000 per year (ds ± 0.1; range: 2.6-2.9). In 2020, there was a significant north-south decreasing gradient in incidence (north vs center vs south and islands: 3.4 vs 2.4 vs 1.8 x 100.000/year; all p<0.001). There were no meaningful differences between macro-areas in terms of access to emergency care and number of neurosurgical wards per population. The rate of unruptured IAs (uIAs) treatment did not show a correlation to that of ruptured ones. Minor regional differences were retrieved for high-risk hypertension as well as for alcohol abuse prevalence. Air pollutants and temperature charts showed a north-south gradient similar to that of the incidence in the treated rIAs. Conclusions: The mean incidence of treated rIAs was stable over the 2015-2020 period in Italy. A north-south decreasing gradient in rIAs treatment incidence was reported. Neither the Regional healthcare organizations nor the rate of uIAs treatment were significant factors explaining the regional differences in the incidence of rIAs treatment. Minor differences in epigenetic and environmental risk factors may be synergistically involved

Fronto-orbito-ethmoidal intradiploic meningiomas: A case study with systematic review

Background: Primary intradiploic meningiomas, extra-axial tumors arising primarily in the skull, are rare. The authors reported a complex case of intradiploic intraosseous metaplastic meningioma of the left medial wall and orbital roof with the left frontal sinus invasion and left ethmoidal body bone substitution. The authors also conducted a systematic review concerning diagnosis and management of patients affected by purely calvarial intradiploic meningiomas along with a focus on fronto-orbito-ethmoidal ones. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement and with the following Mesh terms: Intradiploic, intraosseous, calvarial, and meningioma. Eligibility criteria were limited by the nature of existing literature on intradiploic meningiomas, consisting of only case series, and case reports. Results: A total of 128 published studies were identified through our search. 41 studies were included in this systematic review, 59 patients with a female/male ratio of 1.2/1. The mean age of the patients is of 47.69 years (range 3-84 years). Only seven out of 59 patients (11.9%) presented a complex intradiploic meningioma located in fronto-orbito-ethmoidal region like our case. In almost all patients, a gross-total resection was performed (96.6%) and only in two patients (3.4%) a subtotal resection was achieved. Conclusion: The authors shared this successfully treated case to add to the overall clinical experience in the management of this rare subtype tumor, with the hope that more studies are conducted to further address the mechanism of intradiploic meningiomas development

New neuroanatomy learning paradigms for the next generation of trainees: A novel literature-based 3D methodology

Background: An appreciation for complex three-dimensional relationships in neuroanatomy forms a fundamental tenet of neurosurgical education. The value of experience in the cadaver lab is indisputable; however, it is expensive and often inaccessible. The wide availability of 3D technologies has opened new possibilities, although scientific inaccuracy has hitherto limited their use. Objective: In the present study, we aim to describe a novel, literature-based process of scientific 3D modeling for the creation of neuroanatomical models adapted for mobile technology. Methods: A systematic literature review regarding current resources in neuroanatomy education was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The composition of the team and the workflow behind the 3D Head Atlas app are also described. Results: A total of 101 manuscripts were reviewed, and 24 included. Cadaveric dissections improve the learning process, although high costs limit their availability. Digital advancements have partially overcome the limitations of dissection, and have been associated with improved knowledge retention. Nevertheless, 3D models are often inaccurate, poorly adapted to mobile hardware, and expensive. Recent technological advances provide a new way to widely disseminate complex 3D models, with a revolutionary impact on learning. The approach behind the 3D Head Atlas app, based on the synergistic work of scientific and development teams, facilitates the creation of interactive 3D scientific material with high accuracy and wide accessibility. Conclusion: The study of neuroanatomy is intimately related to the evolution of digital technology. Traditional methods (i.e. cadaveric dissections) have undisputed value but high costs. High-fidelity 3D scenarios and mobile devices may revolutionize learning if based on a sound evidence-based approach

Surgical management of Glioma Grade 4: technical update from the neuro-oncology section of the Italian Society of Neurosurgery (SINch®): a systematic review

Purpose: The extent of resection (EOR) is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in adult patients with Glioma Grade 4 (GG4). The aim of the neuro-oncology section of the Italian Society of Neurosurgery (SINch®) was to provide a general overview of the current trends and technical tools to reach this goal. Methods: A systematic review was performed. The results were divided and ordered, by an expert team of surgeons, to assess the Class of Evidence (CE) and Strength of Recommendation (SR) of perioperative drugs management, imaging, surgery, intraoperative imaging, estimation&nbsp;of EOR, surgery at tumor progression and surgery in elderly patients. Results: A total of 352 studies were identified, including 299 retrospective studies and 53 reviews/meta-analysis. The use of Dexamethasone and the avoidance of prophylaxis with anti-seizure medications reached a CE I and SR A. A preoperative imaging standard protocol was defined with CE II and SR B and usefulness of an early postoperative MRI, with CE II and SR B. The EOR was defined the strongest independent risk factor for both OS and tumor recurrence with CE II and SR B. For intraoperative imaging only the use of 5-ALA reached a CE II and SR B. The estimation of EOR was established to be fundamental in planning postoperative adjuvant treatments with CE II and SR B and the stereotactic image-guided brain biopsy to be the procedure of choice when an extensive surgical resection is not feasible (CE II and SR B). Conclusions: A growing number of evidences evidence support the role of maximal safe resection as primary OS predictor in GG4 patients. The ongoing development of intraoperative techniques for a precise real-time identification of peritumoral functional pathways enables surgeons to maximize EOR minimizing the post-operative morbidity