The existential use of positional verbs in Texmelucan Zapotec

In Texmelucan Zapotec there is no single verb with just an existential meaning. Rather, eleven positional verbs cover the same range of meaning that one verb covers in other languages. Each of these eleven verbs may occur as predicate of the locative clause, the existential clause or the possessive clause, and none of them occur as predicate of the attributive clause or of the identifying clause. This article explores the syntax of clauses determined by these predicates and the semantic parameters by which the Zapotec speaker controls their use. The results are then compared with what is known about existential verbs universally

Texmelucan Zapotec suprasegmental phonology

From the introduction: Speaking of general characteristics of tone languages, William S-Y-Wang (1967) points out some basic differences between the types of tone found in language areas of the world. Among other things, he notes that for some languages tone functions primarily to make lexical distinctions with the Sino Tibetan family being cited as examples of this type. For other languages tone functions primarily on the grammatical level. Otomanguean languages are cited as examples of this type. In light of this fact, it is not surprising that two types of tone perturbation need to be distinguished in Texmelucan Zapotec, hereafter referred to as TZ. The first type I will call Phonological Perturbation. This type consists of rules and processes operating in a phonological environment. The second type I will call Grammatical Perturbation. This type consists of phonological rules applying in grammatical environments and will be ordered along with the other syntactico-phonological rules. I will discuss the two types of perturbation in their respective order. I will then move on to a discussion of laryngealization and stress

Morning Flowers : Gavotte

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The Phonology of Texmelucan Zapotec Verb Irregularity

The phonological rules governing Texmelucan Zapotec verb allomorphy are presented here as part of the phonological component of a generative grammar of the type conceived of y Chomsky and Halle but modified by Stamp©, Rhodes and ethers. This modified theoretical framework has been referred to as natural phonology. Basic to the theory of natural phonology is Stampe’s observation that two distinctive types of phonological principles opera.te in natural languagest natural processes which are innate and rules which are learner. The natural phonemic level is seen to relate to these principles. In section is Lower Level Phonology, those principles which operate below the natural phonemic level are discussed. They are natural processes. In section 2» The Phonology of Verb Irregularity, those principles which operate above the natural phonemic level are discussed. Segmental phonology is discussed first. Then suprasegmental phonology is discussed, Phonological principles which operate above the natural phonemic level are of three types» syntactico- phonological rules, phonological rules, and natural processes Natural processes which operate above the natural phonemic level all involve contextual neutralization. In section Ji Morpheme Structure, surface structure constraints are discussed. The at* are often violated in the underlying form and provide motivation for phonological rules. Thus they are expressed at the natural phonemic level. The theoretical framework in which this thesis is written has given insight into some problem areas in Zapotec morphology. Of special interest is the section on suprasegmental phonology. In this section the phonological principles of tone perturbation which operate over the whole of the grammar are related to grammatical principles operating on verbs. A relationship is seen to exist between tone? laryngealisailon, glottalization and stress, relationship led to an abstract analysis for tone on laryngealized and glottaliaed syllables

The Old Cathedral Chimes : Nocturne

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Out On The Bounding Ocean Deep : Bass Song

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Tracking Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Infection of Germinal Center B Cells In Vivo

Infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) provides a tractable small animal model to study various aspects of persistent gammaherpesvirus infection. We have previously utilized a transgenic MHV68 that expresses enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) to identify infected cells. While this recombinant MHV68 has been useful for identifying infected cell populations by flow cytometry, it has been suboptimal for identification of infected cells in tissue sections due to the high solubility of EYFP. Efficient detection of EYFP expressed from the MHV68 genome in tissue sections requires fixation of whole organs prior to sectioning, which frequently leads to over-fixation of some cellular antigens precluding their detection. To circumvent this issue, we describe the generation and characterization of a transgenic MHV68 harboring a fusion gene composed of the EYFP coding sequence fused to the histone H2B open reading frame. Because the H2bYFP fusion protein is tightly bound in nucleosomes in the nucleus it does not freely diffuse out of unfixed tissue sections, and thus eliminates the need for tissue fixation. We have used the MHV68-H2bYFP recombinant virus to assess the location and distribution of virus infected B cells in germinal centers during the peak of MHV68 latency in vivo. These analyses show that the physical location of distinct populations of infected germinal center B cells correlates well with their surface phenotype. Furthermore, analysis of the distribution of virus infection within germinal center B cell populations revealed that ca. 70% of MHV68 infected GC B cells are rapidly dividing centroblasts, while ca. 20% have a clear centrocyte phenotype. Finally, we have shown that marking of infected cells with MHV68-H2bYFP is extended long after the onset of latency – which should facilitate studies to track MHV68 latently infected cells at late times post-infection