The Geozoic Supereon

Geological time units are the lingua franca of earth sciences: they are a terminological convenience, a vernacular of any geological conversation, and a prerequisite of geo-scientific writing found throughout in earth science dictionaries and textbooks. Time units include terms formalized by stratigraphic committees as well as informal constructs erected ad hoc to communicate more efficiently. With these time terms we partition Earth’s history into utilitarian and intuitively understandable time segments that vary in length over seven orders of magnitude: from the 225-year-long Anthropocene (Crutzen and Stoermer, 2000) to the ,4-billion-year-long Precambrian (e.g., Hicks, 1885; Ball, 1906; formalized by De Villiers, 1969)

The international WAO/EAACI guideline for the management of hereditary angioedema—The 2021 revision and update

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare and disabling disease for which early diagnosis and effective therapy are critical. This revision and update of the global WAO/EAACI guideline on the diagnosis and management of HAE provides up-to-date guidance for the management of HAE. For this update and revision of the guideline, an international panel of experts reviewed the existing evidence, developed 28 recommendations, and established consensus by an online DELPHI process. The goal of these recommendations and guideline is to help physicians and their patients in making rational decisions in the management of HAE with deficient C1 inhibitor (type 1) and HAE with dysfunctional C1 inhibitor (type 2), by providing guidance on common and important clinical issues, such as: (1) How should HAE be diagnosed? (2) When should HAE patients receive prophylactic on top of on-demand treatment and what treatments should be used? (3) What are the goals of treatment? (4) Should HAE management be different for special HAE patient groups such as children or pregnant/breast-feeding women? and (5) How should HAE patients monitor their disease activity, impact, and control? It is also the intention of this guideline to help establish global standards for the management of HAE and to encourage and facilitate the use of recommended diagnostics and therapies for all patients

Specimen Records of all Animals used in the Morphometric Analyses

Appendix S2

Variability in life expectancy among people with HIV in Brazil by gender and sexual orientation

Introduction: In Brazil, though Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is available to all, the benefits may not be experienced uniformly. We projected Life Expectancy (LE) for People Living with HIV (PLHIV) in care as currently observed and estimated the impact of guideline-concordant care. Methods: Using a microsimulation model, we projected LE for a cohort of PLHIV and for four population groups: cisgender Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), cisgender Men who have Sex with Women (MSW), Cisgender Women (CGW), and Transgender Women (TGW). Cohort data from Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI/Fiocruz) informed model parameters. We modeled five scenarios: 1) Current care: ART initiation, adherence, and retention in care as currently observed, 2) Guideline-concordant care: immediate ART initiation, full adherence to treatment, and consistent retention in care, 3) Immediate ART initiation with observed adherence to treatment and retention in care, 4) Full adherence to treatment with observed timing of ART initiation and retention in care, and 5) Consistent retention in care with observed timing of ART initiation and adherence. Results: With current care, LE from age 15 would be 45.9, 44.4, 54.2, and 42.3 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW, and TGW. With guideline-concordant care, LE would be 54.2, 54.4, 63.1, and 53.2 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW and TGW, with TGW experiencing the greatest potential increase in LE (10.9 years). When investigating the components of care separately, MSW and CGW would gain most LE with immediate ART initiation, whereas for MSM and TGW consistent retention in care would be most impactful. Conclusions: In settings like INI/Fiocruz, MSW and CGW would benefit most from interventions focused on earlier diagnosis and linkage to care, whereas TGW and MSM would benefit from interventions to sustain engagement in care. Assessment of the HIV care continuum for specific populations should inform care priorities

Haplotype Networks for M. montanus and T. talpoides

<p>Haplotype networks (<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020290#pbio-0020290-Clement1" target="_blank">Clement et al. 2000</a>) for (A) M. montanus and (B) T. talpoides from Lamar Cave fossils and from modern specimens collected within a 400-km radius of Lamar Cave. Haplogroups for both species are indicated as <i>A–D.</i> Each haplogroup within a species is defined by at least 3% sequence divergence within the cytochrome <i>b</i> fragment. M. montanus haplogroup <i>B</i> is taken from GenBank. Haplogroup <i>C</i> is a sample from outside our 400-km radius (NK5897, Mono County, California; Museum of Southwestern Biology #53376). Light shading shows modern samples; dark shading shows fossil samples; bars indicate substitutions; cytochrome <i>b</i> sequence positions are indicated by number above base designation. Numbers within parentheses indicate sample sizes for each haplotype.</p

Estimates of <i>N_{e_gen}</i> and <i>N_{e_ecol}</i>

<p>(A) T. talpoides and (B) M. montanus through time. Circles and dashed lines show <i>N_{e_ecol}</i> estimates based on low-, high-, and moderate-density estimates. <i>N_{e_gen}</i> estimates ([A] triangles and [B] rectangles) are based on <i>θ_S</i> estimates from Arlequin. Standard errors for <i>N_{e_gen}</i> are represented.</p

Expected and Observed Gene Diversity of M. montanus

<p>Boxes represent the 95th, 50th, and fifth percentiles for expected gene diversity of M. montanus given estimates of <i>N_{e-mm_ecol}</i> at 2,525, 1,438, 845, 470, and 166 ybp and the associated sample sizes (<i>n</i> = 7, 7, 18, 4, and 6) based on the Ewens sampling distribution (assumed mutation rate = 4% per million years per bp for a 312-bp fragment). Bars represent the 95th and fifth percentiles for a sample size of 100 at the same points in time. Diamonds represent observed gene diversity from empirical genetic data. The empirical data for each time unit fall within the expected ranges of gene diversity, except those for 2,525 ybp, which are much too low for the seven samples to detect, suggesting that observed gene diversities are not limited by sample size.</p

Distribution of Change in Gene Diversity for M. montanus between 2,525 and 166 ybp, Based on Serial Coalescent Simulations

<p>Sampling is modeled at two points in time. <i>N_{e-mm_ecol}</i> estimates from <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020290#pbio-0020290-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a> are used to specify demographic history. Eight of the nine combinations of mutation rate and density allow us to reject the null hypothesis for a closed population (<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020290#pbio-0020290-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>). This figure illustrates simulation results for moderate density and moderate mutation rate (4% per million years per bp). The probability of the observed change (shown by dashed arrow) is significant (<i>p</i> = 0.015).</p