92 research outputs found
Identification of Plk1 type II inhibitors by structure-based virtual screening
Protein kinases are targets for drug development. Dysregulation of kinase activity leads to various diseases, e.g. cancer, inflammation, diabetes. Human polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a serine/threonine kinase, is a cancer-relevant gene and a potential drug target which attracts increasing attention in the field of cancer therapy. Plk1 is a key player in mitosis and modulates entry into mitosis and the spindle checkpoint at the meta-/anaphase transition. Plk1 overexpression is observed in various human tumors, and it is a negative prognostic factor for cancer patients. The same catalytical mechanism and the same co-substrate (ATP) lead to the problem of inhibitor selectivity. A strategy to solve this problem is represented by targeting the inactive conformation of kinases. Kinases undergo conformational changes between active and inactive conformation and thus an additional hydrophobic pocket is created in the inactive conformation where the surrounding amino acids are less conserved. A "homology model" of the inactive conformation of Plk1 was constructed, as the crystal structure in its inactive conformation is unknown. A crystal structure of Aurora A kinase served as template structure. With this homology model a receptor-based pharmacophore search was performed using SYBYL7.3 software. The raw hits were filtered using physico-chemical properties. The resulting hits were docked using Gold3.2 software, and 13 candidates for biological testing were manually selected. Three compounds of the 13 tested exhibit anti-proliferative effects in HeLa cancer cells. The most potent inhibitor, SBE13, was further tested in various other cancer cell lines of different origins and displayed EC50 values between 12 microM and 39 microM. Cancer cells incubated with SBE13 showed induction of apoptosis, detected by PARP (Poly-Adenosyl-Ribose-Polymerase) cleavage, caspase 9 activation and DAPI staining of apoptotic nuclei
SBE13, a newly identified inhibitor of inactive polo-like kinase 1
Poster presentation at 5th German Conference on Cheminformatics: 23. CIC-Workshop Goslar, Germany. 8-10 November 2009 Protein kinases are important targets for drug development. The almost identical protein folding of kinases and the common co-substrate ATP leads to the problem of inhibitor selectivity. Type II inhibitors, targeting the inactive conformation of kinases, occupy a hydrophobic pocket with less conserved surrounding amino acids. Human polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) represents a promising target for approaches to identify new therapeutic agents. Plk1 belongs to a family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases, and is a key player in mitosis, where it modulates the spindle checkpoint at metaphase/anaphase transition. Plk1 is over-expressed in all today analyzed human tumors of different origin and serves as a negative prognostic marker in cancer patients. The newly identified inhibitor, SBE13, a vanillin derivative, targets Plk1 in its inactive conformation. This leads to selectivity within the Plk family and towards Aurora A. This selectivity can be explained by docking studies of SBE13 into the binding pocket of homology models of Plk1, Plk2 and Plk3 in their inactive conformation. SBE13 showed anti-proliferative effects in cancer cell lines of different origins with EC50 values between 5 microM and 39 microM and induced apoptosis. Increasing concentrations of SBE13 result in increasing amounts of cells in G2/M phase 13 hours after double thymidin block of HeLa cells. The kinase activity of Plk1 was inhibited with an IC50 of 200 pM. Taken together, we could show that carefully designed structure-based virtual screening is well-suited to identify selective type II kinase inhibitors targeting Plk1 as potential anti-cancer therapeutics
Funktionelle Studien zur Hemmung von PLK1 (Polo-Like Kinase 1) in vitro und in vivo
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Techniken entwickelt, um die Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK 1), eine Kinase aus der Familie der hochkonservierten Serin/Threonin-Kinasen in ihrer Funktion zu hemmen. Alle Zellen des SĂ€ugetier-Organismus benötigen fĂŒr ihre Zellteilung PLK1. PLK1 wird vor allem in der G2/M-Phase des Zellzyklus exprimiert und wird in malignen Geweben, verglichen mit normalem, primĂ€rem Gewebe ĂŒberexprimiert. Hier liegt ein differentieller Unterschied zwischen normalem, primĂ€rem Gewebe und malignem Tumorgewebe vor, denn in normalem Gewebe sind nur sehr niedrige PLKI -Spiegel vorhanden, so dass eine Krebstherapie, die ĂŒber die Hemmung von PLKI wirkt, keine bzw. geringe Auswirkungen auf das normale gesunde Gewebe haben sollte. Insgesamt bietet sich PLKI daher als interessantes Ziel fĂŒr eine molekularbiologisch basierte Krebstherapie an. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit angewandten Techniken waren die Antisense-Technologie und die RNA-Interferenz (mittels synthetischer small interfering RNAs [siRNAs]) und rekombinanter Plasmide zur Expression von hairpin-RNAs [shRNAs]). Antisense-Oligonukleotide (ASOs) sind schon seit ca. einem Jahrzehnt im Einsatz, um verschiedene Zellzykluselemente zu hemmen, auch bereits in verschiedenen Phasen der klinischen PrĂŒfung, doch mit PLKI ist erstmals die Hemmung eines spĂ€ten Elements der Signaltransduktionskaskade, das essentiell fĂŒr die Mitose ist, gelungen. Hierbei sind die Auswirkungen auf die Zellen wesentlich stĂ€rker als bei weiter am Anfang der Signaltransduktionskaskade gelegenen Elementen, bei denen die Zelle noch die Möglichkeit hat, die Hemmung durch alternative parallele Signalwege zu umgehen. siRNAs bzw. shRNA-exprimierende Plasmide sind erstmals zum Einsatz gekommen, um in Mammalia-Zellen die Krebszellproliferation bzw. das Tumorwachstum im humanen Krebs-Xenograft-Modell durch Hemmung eines endogenen Gens zu hemmen. Bei Anwendung der RNA-lnterferenz konnte darĂŒber hinaus ein fĂŒr die Anwendung am Menschen wichtiger differentieller Unterschied zwischen primĂ€ren Zellen und Krebszelllinien in vitro beobachtet werden, denn fĂŒr die Hemmung der Proliferation und fĂŒr die Reduktion der PLK1-mRNA und des PLK1-Proteins in primĂ€ren humanen Mammaepithelzellen war eine 350-fach höhere siRNA-Konzentration nötig als in den Krebszelllinien. Die Konzentrationen, mit denen die Krebszellproliferation signifikant gehemmt werden konnte, hatten auf die primĂ€ren Zellen ĂŒberhaupt keine Auswirkungen, womit ein Meilenstein auf dem Weg zu einer spezifischen Krebstherapie erreicht werden konnte. Dabei konnten mit allen drei eingesetzten Techniken die PLK1-mRNA- und -Protein-Expression in vitro und die Zellproliferation in vitro gehemmt werden. Das Tumorwachstum konnte mit ASOs und mit den rekombinanten Plasmiden in vivo in Krebs-Xenograft-Modellen an NacktmĂ€usen erfolgreich gehemmt werden. Mit U6-Promoter-basiert exprimierten shRNAs konnten im humanen Xenograft-Modell auch die Expression der PLK1-mRNA und das PLK 1-Protein reduziert werden. Auf diese Weise kam es zu einem starken Antitumor-Effekt in vivo, der nach Behandlung mit den Expressionsplasmiden vier Wochen ĂŒber das Ende der Therapie hinaus anhielt. Ausgehend von diesen Daten sollte fĂŒr beide Techniken - sowohl fĂŒr die Antisense-Strategie als auch fĂŒr die RNA-Interferenz mit dem Target PLK1 - ĂŒber ToxizitĂ€tsuntersuchungen und Ausweitung auf weitere Tumormodelle der Weg in die prĂ€klinische Phase eingeschlagen werden, um möglichst schnell die Grundlagen fĂŒr einen Heilversuch oder eine klinische Studie zu schaffen
Study of the planetary boundary layer height in an urban environment using a combination of microwave radiometer and ceilometer
The Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) is an important part of the atmosphere that is relevant in different atmospheric fields like pollutant dispersion, and weather forecasting. In this study, we analyze four and five-year datasets of measurements gathered with a ceilometer and a microwave radiometer to study the PBL structure respectively, in the mid-latitude urban area of Granada (Spain). The methodologies applied for the PBL Height (PBLH) detection (gradient method for ceilometer and the combination of parcel method and temperature gradient method for microwave radiometer) provided a description in agreement with the literature about the PBL structure under simple scenarios. Then, the PBLH behavior is characterized by a statistical study of the convective and stable situations, so that the PBLH was obtained from microwave radiometer measurements. The analysis of the PBLH statistical study shows some agreement with other PBLH studies such as daily pattern and yearly cycle, and the discrepancies were explained in terms of distinct latitudes, topography and climate conditions. Finally, it was performed a joint long-term analysis of the residual layer (RL) provided by ceilometer and the stable and convective layer heights determined by microwave radiometer, offering a complete picture of the PBL evolution by synergetic combination of remote sensing techniques. The PBL behavior has been used for explaining the daily cycle of Black Carbon (BC) concentration, used as tracer of the pollutants emissions associated to traffic.Grupo de FĂsica de la AtmĂłsfera (RNM119
Chemistry Central Journal Poster presentation Identification of Plk1 type II inhibitors by structure-based virtual
© 2009 Keppner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. Protein kinases are targets for drug development [1]. Dysregulation of kinase activity leads to various diseases [2], e.g. cancer, inflammation, diabetes [1]. Human polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a serine/threonine kinase, is a cancer-relevant gene and a potential drug target which attracts increasing attention in the field of cancer therapy. Plk1 is a key player in mitosis and modulates entry into mitosis and the spindle checkpoint at the meta-/anaphase transition. Plk1 overexpression is observed in various human tumors, and it is a negative prognostic factor for cancer patients [3]. The same catalytical mechanism and the same co-substrate (ATP) lead to the problem of inhibitor selectivity. A strategy to solve this problem is represented by targetin
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