Effects of site preparation methods on soil productivity in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis, Lipsky) ecosistems

YÖK Tez No: 237418Ormancılık faaliyetleri toprak ve orman tipine göre etkileri değişmekle birlikte toprağın fiziksel, biyolojik, kimyasal özelliklerini değiştirmektedir. Fakat bu değişimlerin süresi ve verimliliğe etkileri belirgin olarak ortaya konmamıştır. Kısa vadeli bazı çalışma sonuçları bulunmasına rağmen kısa vadeli veriler uzun vadeli etkileri tahmin etmede yetersiz kalabilmektedir.Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Karadeniz Bölgesi ormanlarının odun üretimi açısından en önemli ağacıdır. Kayın ormanlarının alt tabakasında çok sık olarak bulunan orman gülü (Rhododendron ponticum L.) tüm sahalarda tohum çimlenmesini ve fidan büyümesini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle ormanda yapılan gençleştirme çalışmaları sırasında orman gülünün temizlenmesi gerekmektedir.Yıllardır bu ormanlarda çok farklı diri-örtü temizliği ve saha hazırlama yöntemleri kullanılmış olmasına rağmen son yıllarda taraklı-dozerle diri örtü temizliği en çok hatta tek başına kullanılan yöntem haline gelmiştir. Fakat dozerle diri örtü temizliği sırasında organik madde (OM) ve bir miktar üst toprağın taşınmasının ekosistemde önemli besin kayıplarına yol açabileceği ve hatta gençlikte beslenme sorunları yaratabileceğine dair kuşkular doğmuştur.Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, Karadeniz kayın ekosistemlerinde doğal gençleştirme sırasında uygulanan farklı saha hazırlama işlemlerinin toprağın bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerine ve uzun vadede toprak verimliliğine etkileri araştırılmıştır.Araştırma sahaları, Batı Karadeniz kayın ekosistemlerini temsilen Bolu Orman Bölge Müdürlüğüne Bağlı kayın meşcerelerinden belirlenmiştir. Deneme alanlarından ilki Akçakoca Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü, Deredibi Orman İşletme Şefliği'nde ve kuzey bakıda (AK: Akçakoca Kuzey) 310 07' 53'' kuzey enlemi ile 400 59' 46'' doğu boylamında, ikincisi ise aynı yerde fakat kuzey batıda (AKB: Akçakoca kuzeybatı) 310 07' 37'' kuzey enlemi ile 400 59' 46'' doğu boylamında yaklaşık 750 m yüksekliklerde bulunmakta olup AK bloğunun eğimi yaklaşık % 35 AKB bloğunun eğimi ise % 10-20 arasındadır. Kıyıdan daha iç bölgede bulunan diğer araştırma sahası Düzce Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü Asar Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırlarında 400 41' 04'' ? 410 41' 02'' kuzey enlemleri ile 310 19' 17'' ? 310 19' 20'' doğu boylamları arasında yer almaktadır. Denizden yüksekliği 1050 m olup kuzey bakıda yer almakta ve % 30 eğime sahiptir. Çalışmada arazi koşullarındaki değişkenlik dikkate alınarak en uygun deneme deseni olduğu kararlaştırılan Tamamen Rast gele Blok Deseni kullanılmıştır. Kayında bol tohumun olduğu 2006 yılı sonbaharında diri-örtü sahadan insan gücü, kontrollü yangın ve makine kullanılarak uzaklaştırılmıştır.Her blokta işlemlerden önce rast gele yöntemle 6 adet 1 m2 lik diri-örtü örnekleme üniteleri oluşturulmuştur. Diri-örtünün toprak-üstü, toprak-altı kısmı ve kuru madde oranı belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra hektardaki toplam diri-örtü biyokütlesi hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca örneklerden makro besin analizleri yapılmış ve toplam besin miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Her bir deneme ünitesinde rast gele belirlenen 5 noktadan ölü-örtü tamamen toplandıktan sonra OM biokütlesi ve içerdiği besin elementleri miktarları hesaplanmıştır. OM örnekleri alındıktan sonra aynı yerden 0?10 ve 10?20 cm derinliklerden toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Ayrıca her deneme ünitesinden rast gele belirlenen 5 noktada toprak profilleri açılmıştır. Toprak örnekleri ve profillerden hacim ağırlığı, toprak derinliği, besin içeriği, pH, fiziksel analiz, iskelet oranı vb. bilgiler elde edilmiştir.Yapılan analizler sonucu ormanın alt tabakasında hektarda yaklaşık 45 ton ormangülü bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ormangülünün en az 22 ton karbon (C ) depoladığı ve en az 300 kg azot (N), 15 kg fosfor (P) içerdiği belirlenmiştir.Yakma ve dozer kullanılan sahalarda işçi ile diri-örtünün söküldüğü sahlardan yaklaşık % 64 daha az ölü-örtü organik maddesi bulunmaktadır. Makineli işlem gören sahalarda bulunan organik madde C'sinin kontrol ve işçi ile işlem gören sahalara oranla yaklaşık 3.5 kat azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Yine makineli işlem görmüş sahalarda işçi ile diri- örtü sökümü yapılan ve hiç işlem yapılmayan sahlara oranla yaklaşık 4.4 kat daha az N, 4.2 kat daha az P, 7.3 kat daha az kalsiyum (Ca) ve 4.1 kat daha az magnezyum (Mg) olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca makineli işlem görmüş sahalarda ölü-örtünün potasyum K içeriğinin işçi ile diri-örtü sökümü yapılan sahalardakinden yaklaşık 3.4 kat daha az olduğu bulunmuştur. Dozerle çalışma yapılan sahalarda toprağın diğer sahalara oranla ilk 10 cm'sinin % 34, ilk 20 cm'sinin ise % 26 daha fazla sıkıştırıldığı hesaplanmıştır. Hiç işlem görmemiş sahalarla en fazla tahrip gören dozerle işlenen sahalarda toprağın katyon değişim kapasitesi (KDK)'sı işçi ile söküm yapılan ve yakılan sahalardan yaklaşık % 31 daha düşük çıkmıştır. İşçi ile söküm yapılan ve yakılan sahalarda toprak tepkimesinin hiç işlem görmemiş ve dozerle üst toprağın sıyrıldığı sahalara oranla yaklaşık yarım pH birimi arttığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Toprağın ilk 20 derinliğinde dozerle işlem görmüş sahalardaki C ve N miktarları yakma ve kontrol sahalarındakinden yaklaşık % 32 ve % 20 daha düşük çıkmıştır. Dozerle işlem görmüş sahalardaki K miktarı ise işçi ile diri-örtü sökümü yapılan ve hiç işlem yapılmayan sahalar ortalamasından yaklaşık % 45 daha azdır. Dozerle işlem görmüş sahalardaki Ca miktarı ise işçi ile diri-örtü sökümü yapılan sahalardan yaklaşık 4.2 kat daha düşük çıkmıştır.Forestry operations have an impact on soil physical, biological and chemical properties. Extend of impact may vary with soil and forest types. However, extend and durations of these changes have not clearly documented. Data are available for short-term studies. But, results from short-term experiments may not be adequate to speculate for the long-term predictions.Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of the most important tree species of Turkey in terms of wood production. The understories of beech forest in the Black Sea region are occupied with very dense purple ?flowered rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.). Since these woody weed prevent seed germination and seedling growth it must be cleared from the site during the regeneration of beech stands.Different site preparation and weed control techniques have been used for many years. However, machine (bulldozer equipped with a rake) becomes the sole technique lately. But, using machine for site preparation may remove some of the top soil during the operation. Thus these methods may result in significant nutrient losses from the ecosystem and eventually reduce seedling growth.The objectives of this study, to investigate the effects of different site preparation methods on some of the soil physical and chemical properties and long-term site productivity in beech natural regeneration sites in the western Black Sea region.Two of the experimental sites were chosen from beech stands located in the Deredibi Forest Management Cheifship of the Akçakoca Management Directorate (310 07? 53?? N, 400 59? 46?? E and (310 07? 37?? N, 400 59? 46?? E). These two experimental sites are 750 m above the sea level and one is on the north aspect with an average 35 % slope and the other One is facing northwest aspect with 10- 20 % slope. The third block is located in an inland site compared to the other two blocks (400 41? 04?? N, 310 19? 17?? E). The elevation of the third block is about 1050 m and it is facing North aspect with an average of 30 % slope.Randomized block design were used for the experiment. Weeds were cleared from the sites using labor force (grubbing), prescribed fire and bulldozer during a mast year of the beech in 2006. Understory were sampled on 6 randomly chosen 1 m2 sampling quadrates before the treatment on each block. Biomass of above and below-ground part of understory and their macro-nutrient contents were calculated as kg on a hectare base. Forest floor organic matter (OM) was sampled on 5 randomly chosen spot on each experimental unit. Then OM biomass and nutrient contents were calculated. Intact soil core samples were taken from 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth on 5 randomly chosen locations on each experimental unit. And 5 soil profiles on randomly chosen spots on each block were dug. Then soil depth, nutrient content, pH, texture of soil were determined.Data revealed that there are 45 ton understory biomass containing at least 22 ton carbon ( C), 300 kg nitrogen (N), and 15 kg phosporus (P) per hectare forests. There are 64 % less forest-floor organic matter (OM) biomass on burned and machine cleared sites than those of the grubbing sites. Organic matter C on the machine site is 3.5 times less than those of the control and grubbing sites. Nitrogen, P, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content of the OM on machine site were 4.4, 4.2, 7.3 and 4.1 times less than those of control and grubbing sites, respectively. Potassium content of OM on machine site is 3.4 times less than that of grubbing site.Soil bulk densities in the first 10 and 20 cm soil depth are 34 % and 26 % higher on machine sites than those of the other treatments, respectively. Soil cation exchange capacities (CEC) are 31 % lower in control and machine sites than those of the grubbing and burning sites. Grubbing and burning sites have half a degree higher soil pH than those of machine and control sites.The first 20 cm soil depth have 32 and 20 % lower C and N content in machine site than those of the burned and control sites. Soil K content on machine site is 45 % lower than those of grubbing and control sites. Soil Ca content on machine site is 4.2 times less than that of grubbing site

Y Chromosome Microdeletions in 34 Cryptorchidism Patients

Purpose: In this study, the molecular analysis of Y chromosome in 34 cryptorchidism patients was studied

An adaptive compensator for a vehicle driven by DC motors

A vehicle system driven by two independent DC motors is presented here, one of which is used for the right wheel and the other is used for the left wheel. An adaptive compensator using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems is proposed to control the vehicle system. The compensator includes an adaptive model identifier and adaptive controller. An online method is used to adjust the parameters of the identifier model to match the behavior model of the vehicle system. Then, the parameters of the identifier model are employed in a standard parallel-distributed compensator to provide asymptotically stable equilibrium for the closed-loop vehicle drive system, in which the velocity and direction angle of the vehicle are controlled. Results demonstrate that the proposed controller structure is robust to load changes and follows different trajectories very well. (c) 2004 The Franklin Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Acromegaly and Pregnancy: Five New Cases

WOS: 000423949600009Pregnancy is a rare occurrence in acromegalic patients because of impaired fertility due to the disease. There are limited data available regarding pregnancy in acromegalic patients; although, it appears that the patients are usually able to carry their pregnancies to full term. In addition, certain metabolic effects of acromegaly need to be considered as they can be harmful to both mother and fetus. The discontinuation of the medical treatment is usually recommended as the effects of medical treatment are unclear. Herein, we report five new cases of pregnancies in acromegalic patients who had undergone surgery and medical treatment for macroadenoma, before the onset of pregnancy, from different centers. Two of them had received radiotherapy after the surgery. None of the patients in our study were treated for pregnancy; however, two of them were receiving octreotide when the diagnosis of pregnancy was established. The medical treatment of these two patients was discontinued at the beginning of pregnancy. Four patients delivered healthy babies, and therapeutic abortion was performed at the sixth week of pregnancy to one of the patients who was being treated with octreotide before the pregnancy. Out of the five patients in our study, two had pregestational diabetes and one had hypertension. As a conclusion, it can be said that pregnancy in acromegalic patients is usually uneventful without any treatment throughout the pregnancy

NÖTROPENİK ATEŞ İLE PREZENTE OLAN BİR BRUSELLOZ VAKASI

&nbsp;Febril nötropeni; nötropenik bir hastada ateş ölçümünün 38.3 C°’dendaha yüksek olması durumuna denir. Kanser tedavisinin sık görülen bir komplikasyonudur, hastalarda morbidite ve mortalitenin önemli bir nedenidir. Nötropenik ateş etiyolojisinde enfeksiyondan sorumlu patojenler sıklıkla bakterilerdir.Günümüzde febril nötropeniye sebep olan başlıca etkenler gram pozitif olarakkoagulaz-negatif stereptokok, S. Aureus ve enterokok; gram negatif olarak ise E.Coli, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp ve P. Aeruginosa’dır. Bruselloz ise dünyada sık görülen zoonotik hastalıklardan biridir ve ülkemizde de sık görülmektedir.Akut bruselloz vakalarında hafif anemi, lökopeni ve çok nadir olarak da pansitopeni ve trombositopeni saptanmaktadır.Bruselloz yaygın görülen bir enfeksiyon olmasına rağmen nötropenik ateş ileprezente olan bruselloz vakası nadiren bildirilmiştir.</p

Effects of different site preparation methods on soil carbon and nutrient removal from Eastern beech regeneration sites in Turkey's Black Sea region

SARGINCI, Murat/0000-0002-2263-9003; TOPRAK, BULENT/0000-0001-6500-7885; Esen, Derya/0000-0003-4175-758XWOS: 000276868300005In terms of wood production, eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of the most important Turkish tree species. The main forestry operation in the Black Sea region (BSR) is the harvesting of natural beech stands. These stands are naturally regenerated. A dense rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.) understorey prevents eastern beech (F. orientalis Lipsky) seed-tree regeneration in the Turkish BSR. Our study objective was to investigate the forest ecosystem effects of different woody vegetation control methods on forest floor organic matter (OM), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil physical and chemical properties and nutrients on beech regeneration sites in this region. In 2006, rhododendrons were cleared from treatment plots using hand labour by grubbing (GR), prescribed fire (PE), or machine preparation (MP) with a rake-equipped bulldozer. Untreated plots served as controls. The woody vegetation understorey, forest floor OM and mineral soil (0-20 cm) were sampled, and their biomass, SOC and nutrient content were estimated for each treatment. While effective in preparing sites for beech regeneration, the MP treatment resulted in highly compacted soil (mean = 1.5 g cm(-3)) compared to the other treatments (1.1 g cm(-3)). It also showed the largest ecosystem losses of C (-45%), N (-30%), and P (-55%) from the forest floor and mineral soil (0-20 cm). Furthermore, the MP treatment induced large ecosystem losses of soil K (-72%) and Ca (-58%). Both the GR and PF treatments increased soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) relative to the controls, while their ecosystem C (-25%) and N (-22%) losses were moderate. In conclusion, the MP site preparation method removes more OM and soil nutrients, resulting in a lower soil CEC capacity compared to the other rhododendron control practices, including prescribed fire. Using heavy machinery during site preparation compacts the soil, increasing soil density to a level that may restrict plant growth. In contrast, grubbing and prescribed fire increase the soil pH and plant nutrient availability without compacting the soil. Therefore, these two methods should be promoted as effective and sustainable rhododendron control techniques for long-term productivity of eastern beech forests. (C) Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.T.R. Prime Ministry State Planning organization (DPT)Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Kalkinma Bakanligi; Duzce University Scientific Research Project Department (BAP)Duzce University [BAP. 2008.02.02.015]We acknowledge the following organizations and grant projects for their contributions: the T.R. Prime Ministry State Planning organization (DPT) for granting the project entitled "Kayin (F. orientalis Lipsky) Genclestirme Alanlarinda Farkli Saha Hazirlama Yontemlerinin Uzun Vadede Toprak Verimliligine Etkisi;" the Duzce University Scientific Research Project Department (BAP) for granting the project entitled "Kayin (F. orientalis Lipsky) genclesstirme alanlarindaki diri ortu temizligi yontemlerinin besin kaybina etkisi" (BAP. 2008.02.02.015); and the Deredibi Forest Management Chiefship of the Akcakoca Management Directorate and Asar Forest Management Chiefship of the Duzce Management Directorate for permission to conduct the experiments in their jurisdiction. Kermit Cromack, Jr. reviewed the manuscript, Kevin T. Cromack and Angeline S. Cromack edited the paper, and Jerry A. Mohr helped with the illustration

Effects of different site preparation methods on soil carbon and nutrient removal from Eastern beech regeneration sites in Turkey's Black Sea region

In terms of wood production, eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of the most important Turkish tree species. The main forestry operation in the Black Sea region (BSR) is the harvesting of natural beech stands. These stands are naturally regenerated

Comparison of clinical characteristics of the elderly and very elderly patients in the medical intensive care unit

Objective: The increase in the mean age of the general population is reflected in the patient populations who are in need of intensive care. Increasing number of comorbidities with age is also an important issue to be considered in the management of these patients. We evaluated clinical and laboratory features of the elderly (65-79 years) and very elderly (≥80 years) patients in our medical intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: The clinical and laboratory data of intensive care patients aged 65 and over were retrospectively analyzed. Comorbidities were commented with 19 disease-weighted Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Results: 231 elderly and 216 very elderly patients were included in this study. Pulmonary diseases were the most prevalent primary cause of admission to ICU in both groups. The most common comorbidities were hypertension and heart failure in both groups. Number of patients whose CCI scores>3 were higher in very elderly patients group than in elderly patients group. While there was no difference in terms of median ICU-survival between two groups in general, when 30 days and longer intensive care follow-ups were evaluated, it was found 81.0 (95% CI: 48.8-113.2) days and 41.0 (95% CI: 36.6- 45.4) days in the elderly and very elderly patients respectively (p = 0.009). Conclusion: We concluded that, age is not the main factor affecting the ICU-survival in patient over 65 years old in intensive care unit. However, increasing age may be associated with short survival at prolonged hospitalizations in ICU. J Clin Exp Invest 2015; 6 (2): 144-14