Computer program calculates the effective temperature for a crystalline solid /DETS/

Computer program computes and prints out both the Debye and resulting effective temperatures for each Debye model-dependent average energy per vibrational mode, Debye-Waller factor, and specific heat. The program calculates by the trapezodial rule and then Simpsons rule

"A hard day’s night?" The effects of Compressed Working Week interventions on the health and work-life balance of shift workers: a systematic review

Objective: To systematically review studies of the effects of the Compressed Working Week on the health and work-life balance of shift workers, and to identify any differential impacts by socio-economic group. Methods: Systematic review. Following QUORUM guidelines, published or unpublished experimental and quasi-experimental studies were identified. Data were sourced from 27 electronic databases, websites, bibliographies, and expert contacts. Results: Forty observational studies were found. The majority of studies only measured self-reported outcomes and the methodological quality of the included studies was not very high. Interventions did not always improve the health of shift workers, but in the five prospective studies with a control group, there were no detrimental effects on self-reported health. However, work-life balance was generally improved. No studies reported differential impacts by socio-economic group; however, most of the studies were conducted on homogeneous populations. Conclusion: This review suggests that the Compressed Working Week can improve work-life balance, and that it may do so with a low risk of adverse health or organisational effects. However, better designed studies that measure objective health outcomes are needed

A molecular and cellular analysis of human embryonic optic fissure closure related to the eye malformation coloboma

Ocular coloboma is a congenital eye malformation, resulting from a failure in optic fissure closure (OFC), and causing visual impairment. There has been little study of the epithelial fusion process underlying closure in the human embryo and coloboma aetiology remains poorly understood. We performed RNAseq of cell populations isolated using laser capture microdissection to identify novel human OFC signature genes and probe the expression profile of known coloboma genes, along with a comparative murine analysis. Gene set enrichment patterns showed conservation between species. Expression of genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition was transiently enriched in the human fissure margins during OFC at days 41-44. Electron microscopy and histological analyses showed that cells transiently delaminate at the point of closure, and produce cytoplasmic protrusions, before rearranging to form two continuous epithelial layers. Apoptosis was not observed in the human fissure margins. These analyses support a model of human OFC in which epithelial cells at the fissure margins undergo a transient epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition, facilitating cell rearrangement to form a complete optic cup

Group-based microfinance for collective empowerment: a systematic review of health impacts

$\textbf{Objective}$ To assess the impact on health-related outcomes, of group microfinance schemes based on collective empowerment. $\textbf{Methods}$ We searched the databases Social Sciences Citation Index, Embase, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, PsycINFO, Social Policy & Practice and Conference Proceedings Citation Index for articles published between 1 January 1980 and 29 February 2016. Articles reporting on health impacts associated with group-based microfinance were included in a narrative synthesis. $\textbf{Findings}$ We identified one cluster-randomized control trial and 22 quasi-experimental studies. All of the included interventions targeted poor women living in low- or middle-income countries. Some included a health-promotion component. The results of the higher quality studies indicated an association between membership of a microfinance scheme and improvements in the health of women and their children. The observed improvements included reduced maternal and infant mortality, better sexual health and, in some cases, lower levels of interpersonal violence. According to the results of the few studies in which changes in empowerment were measured, membership of the relatively large and well-established microfinance schemes generally led to increased empowerment but this did not necessarily translate into improved health outcomes. Qualitative evidence suggested that increased empowerment may have contributed to observed improvements in contraceptive use and mental well-being and reductions in the risk of violence from an intimate partner. $\textbf{Conclusion}$ Membership of the larger, well-established group-based microfinance schemes is associated with improvements in some health outcomes. Future studies need to be designed to cope better with bias and to assess negative as well as positive social and health impacts.The systematic review was funded by the United Kingdom Department of Health through the Public Health Research Consortium

Metabolic regulation of ApoB mRNA editing is associated with phosphorylation of APOBEC-1 complementation factor

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA editing is a nuclear event that minimally requires the RNA substrate, APOBEC-1 and APOBEC-1 Complementation Factor (ACF). The co-localization of these macro-molecules within the nucleus and the modulation of hepatic apoB mRNA editing activity have been described following a variety of metabolic perturbations, but the mechanism that regulates editosome assembly is unknown. APOBEC-1 was effectively co-immunoprecipitated with ACF from nuclear, but not cytoplasmic extracts. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase treatment of nuclear extracts reduced the amount of APOBEC-1 co-immunoprecipitated with ACF and inhibited in vitro editing activity. Ethanol stimulated apoB mRNA editing was associated with a 2- to 3-fold increase in ACF phosphorylation relative to that in control primary hepatocytes. Significantly, phosphorylated ACF was restricted to nuclear extracts where it co-sedimented with 27S editing competent complexes. Two-dimensional phosphoamino acid analysis of ACF immunopurified from hepatocyte nuclear extracts demonstrated phosphorylation of serine residues that was increased by ethanol treatment. Inhibition of protein phosphatase I, but not PPIIA or IIB, stimulated apoB mRNA editing activity coincident with enhanced ACF phosphorylation in vivo. These data demonstrate that ACF is a metabolically regulated phosphoprotein and suggest that this post-translational modification increases hepatic apoB mRNA editing activity by enhancing ACF nuclear localization/retention, facilitating the interaction of ACF with APOBEC-1 and thereby increasing the probability of editosome assembly and activity

Draft Genome Sequence of NDM-5-Producing Escherichia coli Sequence Type 648 and Genetic Context of blaNDM-5 in Australia

We report here the draft genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia\ua0coli sequence type 648 (ST648) possessing blaNDM-5 from a 55-year-old female in Australia with a history of travel to India. The plasmid-mediated blaNDM-5 was in a genetic context nearly identical to that of the GenBank entry of an IncX3 blaNDM-5 plasmid previously reported from India (Klebsiella\ua0pneumoniae MGR-K194)

Population tobacco control interventions and their effects on social inequalities in smoking: systematic review

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of population tobacco control interventions on social inequalities in smoking. DATA SOURCES: Medical, nursing, psychological, social science and grey literature databases, bibliographies, hand-searches and contact with authors. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included (n = 84) if they reported the effects of any population-level tobacco control intervention on smoking behaviour or attitudes in individuals or groups with different demographic or socioeconomic characteristics. DATA EXTRACTION: Data extraction and quality assessment for each study were conducted by one reviewer and checked by a second. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data were synthesised using graphical ("harvest plot") and narrative methods. No strong evidence of differential effects was found for smoking restrictions in workplaces and public places, although those in higher occupational groups may be more likely to change their attitudes or behaviour. Smoking restrictions in schools may be more effective in girls. Restrictions on sales to minors may be more effective in girls and younger children. Increasing the price of tobacco products may be more effective in reducing smoking among lower-income adults and those in manual occupations, although there was also some evidence to suggest that adults with higher levels of education may be more price-sensitive. Young people aged under 25 are also affected by price increases, with some evidence that boys and non-white young people may be more sensitive to price. CONCLUSIONS: Population-level tobacco control interventions have the potential to benefit more disadvantaged groups and thereby contribute to reducing health inequalities

What helps to support people affected by Adverse Childhood Experiences? A review of evidence

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) include physical, sexual or emotional abuse; neglect; domestic violence in the home; homelessness or living in care; parental mental health problems or substance abuse; and parents who are absent through imprisonment, separation or death. We sought to understand how people affected by ACEs can best be supported by conducting a review of evidence. The review involved three components: a qualitative synthesis of UK views studies; a systematic review of reviews which measured the effectiveness of interventions to support people affected by ACEs; and a stakeholder workshop with young people with lived experience of ACEs. The review was commissioned by the Department of Health and Social Care

Age-related references in national public health, technology appraisal and clinical guidelines and guidance: documentary analysis

$\textbf{BACKGROUND}$: older people may be less likely to receive interventions than younger people. Age bias in national guidance may influence entire public health and health care systems. We examined how English National Institute for Health & Care Excellence (NICE) guidance and guidelines consider age. $\textbf{METHODS}$: we undertook a documentary analysis of NICE public health ($\textit{n}$ = 33) and clinical ($\textit{n}$ = 114) guidelines and technology appraisals ($\textit{n}$ = 212). We systematically searched for age-related terms, and conducted thematic analysis of the paragraphs in which these occurred ('age-extracts'). Quantitative analysis explored frequency of age-extracts between and within document types. Illustrative quotes were used to elaborate and explain quantitative findings. $\textbf{RESULTS}$: 2,314 age-extracts were identified within three themes: age documented as an $\textit{a-priori}$ consideration at scope-setting (518 age-extracts, 22.4%); documentation of differential effectiveness, cost-effectiveness or other outcomes by age (937 age-extracts, 40.5%); and documentation of age-specific recommendations (859 age-extracts, 37.1%). Public health guidelines considered age most comprehensively. There were clear examples of older-age being considered in both evidence searching and in making recommendations, suggesting that this can be achieved within current processes. $\textbf{CONCLUSIONS}$: we found inconsistencies in how age is considered in NICE guidance and guidelines. More effort may be required to ensure age is consistently considered. Future NICE committees should search for and document evidence of age-related differences in receipt of interventions. Where evidence relating to effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in older populations is available, more explicit age-related recommendations should be made. Where there is a lack of evidence, it should be stated what new research is needed.This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research's School for Public Health Research (NIHR SPHR http://sphr.nihr.ac.uk/). J.A. & M.W. are members of the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence