Superação de dormência em sementes de Tachigali micropetala (Ducke) Zarucchi & Pipoly (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae)

The use of forest species for the production of seedlings has been intensified due to the need for recovery of deforested areas and biomass production. However, the domestication of native forest species is restricted due to a lack of studies related to the ecology, physiology, and morphology of its seeds. The species Tachigali micropetala (Ducke) Zarucchi & Pipoly, which belongs to the family Fabaceae, presents tegument dormancy that hinders the entry of water and consequently the germination. The objective of this work was to select the best treatments for breaking dormancy in T. micropetala seeds. The treatments were: control (without pre-germinative treatment), cut in the integument, scarification in sandpaper, immersion in sulfuric acid for 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes and immersion in water at 80 °C for 20 minutes. The sowing was done in germitest paper and the statistical design used was the completely randomized with eight treatments, five replicates of 25 seeds. For the sanity test, the seeds were submitted to two types of treatments: asepsis with 1.5% of sodium hypochlorite and control (seeds without asepsis). Each treatment contained 10 replicates, with 20 seeds each. The results obtained show that the treatments in acid for 15 and 10 minutes and mechanical scarification with sandpaper presented 90.4, 85.6 and 83.2% of germination, respectively, being these the most efficient for overcoming dormancy in T. micropetala seeds.O uso de espécies florestais na produção de mudas tem sido intensificado devido à necessidade de recuperação de áreas desmatadas e produção de biomassa. No entanto, a domesticação de espécies florestais nativas é restrita devido à falta de estudos relacionados à ecologia, fisiologia e morfologia de suas sementes. A espécie Tachigali micropetala (Ducke) Zarucchi & Pipoly, pertencente à família Fabaceae, apresenta dormência de tegumento que dificulta a entrada de água e, consequentemente, a germinação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar os melhores tratamentos para a quebra da dormência em sementes de T. micropetala. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem tratamento pré-germinativo), desponte, escarificação em lixa, imersão em ácido sulfúrico por 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos e imersão em água a 80 ° C por 20 minutos. A semeadura foi realizada em papel germiteste e o delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos, cinco repetições de 25 sementes. Para o teste de sanidade, as sementes foram submetidas a dois tipos de tratamentos: assepsia com 1,5% de hipoclorito de sódio e controle (sementes sem assepsia). Cada tratamento continha 10 repetições, com 20 sementes cada. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os tratamentos em ácido por 15 e 10 minutos e a escarificação mecânica com lixa apresentaram 90,4%, 85,6% e 83,2% de germinação, respectivamente, sendo estes os mais eficientes para superar a dormência em sementes de T. micropetala.  

CARACTERIZAÇÃO BIOMÉTRICA DE SEMENTES DE Solanum paniculatum L. E DESEMPENHO GERMINATIVO APÓS SUPERAÇÃO DE DORMÊNCIA

The objective of this study was to perform the biometric characterization of Solanum paniculatum L. seeds, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in overcoming their dormancy. A completely randomized design with four periods of immersion (5, 10, 15 and 20 min) in concentrated H2SO4 (36 N) + control, with four replications of 25 seeds each was used. The seeds were placed in germitest paper, placed in a gerbox box, moistened and carried to the BOD type germinator with a photoperiod of 12 hours at a temperature of 30 ° C. Germination percentage (G%), germination speed index (IVG), average germination time (TMG) and relative frequency (Fr) were evaluated. A sample of 200 seeds was selected for biometric characterization. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Infostat program. Jurubeba seeds presented average values ​​of length, width, thickness and mass of 3.9; 3.3; 1.3 cm; and 10 mg, respectively. Biometrics data indicate high variability for seed fresh mass. Analysis of variance indicated that all variables were significantly influenced by seed exposure time in H2SO4. The relationship between G%, IVG and exposure time in sulfuric acid was adjusted to a positive quadratic polynomial model, obtaining maximum performance in 11 min, and the TMG to a negative model, with maximum performance in 12 min. When analyzing germination Fr of seeds that were immersed in sulfuric acid, the largest number of germinated seeds in a shorter period occurred in seed samples pretreated with H2SO4 for 10 and 15 min.Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização biométrica das sementes de Solanum paniculatum L., assim como avaliar a eficácia do uso de ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) na superação de sua dormência. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro períodos de imersão (5, 10, 15 e 20 min) em H2SO4 concentrado (36 N) mais a testemunha, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, cada. As sementes foram dispostas em de papel tipo germitest, colocadas em caixa de gerbox, umedecidas e acondicionadas em germinador do tipo BOD com fotoperíodo de 12 horas a uma temperatura de 30°C. Avaliou-se a percentagem de germinação (G%), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), tempo médio de germinação (TMG) e frequência relativa (Fr). Uma amostra de 200 sementes foi selecionada para a caracterização biométrica. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa Infostat. As sementes de Jureba apresentaram valores médios de comprimento, largura, espessura e massa de 3,9; 3,3; 1,3 cm; e 10 mg, respectivamente. Os dados de biometria indicam alta variabilidade para a massa fresca da semente. A análise de variância indicou que todas as variáveis foram influenciadas significativamente pelo tempo de exposição das sementes em H2SO4. A relação entre as G%, IVG e tempo de exposição em ácido sulfúrico se ajustou a um modelo polinomial quadrático positivo, obtendo máximo desempenho em 11 min, e o TMG a um modelo negativo, com máximo desempenho em 12 min. Ao analisar Fr de germinação das sementes que foram imersas em ácido sulfúrico, o maior número de sementes germinadas em um menor período de tempo ocorreu na amostras de sementes pré-tratadas com H2SO4 por 10 e 15 min

PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMON BEAN SEEDS OF THE BLACK COMMERCIAL GROUP UNDER SALINE STRESS

Saline stress is a condition that causes changes in physiological performance in several species and even in cultivars of the same species. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological performance of black bean cultivars to salt stress. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a factorial scheme with two cultivars (Mataço and BRS Paisano) and five osmotic potentials simulated with sodium chloride solutions (control = 0.0; -0.2; -0.4; -0.6 and -0.8 MPa), in four replications of 50 seeds per treatment. The variables related to germination, first germination count, germination speed index, and shoot length were evaluated. There were significant interactions (p <0.05) for all variables analyzed. In general, it is concluded that the physiological performance of the seeds of black bean cultivars is affected under simulated saline stress by NaCl solution with an osmotic potential below -0.2 MPa

Discontinuous hydration: improving the expression of the seeds physiological potential of Ormosia grossa Rudd and Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber x Ducke) Barneby at water stress condition

Most Terrestrial Systems Models foresee an increase in the intensity of the dry season in the Amazon in the 21st century. Thus, it is essential to investigate the seed germination behavior of native species under stress conditions and strategies to guarantee their establishment. Given the above, this paper aims to describe the hydration curve pattern seeds of the forest species native to the Amazon Ormosia grossa Rudd and Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum and evaluate the effect of discontinuous hydration on seed germination under water stress conditions. For this, the seeds were submitted to 0 (control), 1, and 2 cycles of discontinuous hydration, and sown under simulated water stress conditions (0, -0.2; -0.4; -0.6 and -0.8 MPa). Seeds of O. grossa had a three-phase pattern in the hydration curve and seeds of S. parahyba var. amazonicum had a two-phase pattern. Both hydration curves fit the Fourier Maia curve with a series of two terms. The germination of the two studied species is positively influenced by discontinuous hydration cycles under stress conditions. Seeds of O. grossa and S. parahyba var. amazonicum, when submitted to 2 cycles of discontinuous hydration, generally present better germination performance and can remain quiescent when subjected to water stress conditions.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESA maioria dos Modelos de Sistemas Terrestres prevê um aumento da intensidade da estação seca na Amazônia no século XXI. Assim, é fundamental investigar o comportamento da germinação de sementes de espécies nativas sob condições de estresse e estratégias para garantir seu estabelecimento. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o padrão da curva de hidratação de sementes de espécies florestais nativas da Amazônia Ormosia grossa Rudd e Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum e avaliar o efeito da hidratação descontínua na germinação de sementes em condições de estresse hídrico. Para tanto, as sementes foram submetidas a 0 (controle), 1 e 2 ciclos de hidratação descontínua, e semeadas em condições de estresse hídrico simulado (0, -0,2; -0,4; -0,6 e -0,8 MPa). As sementes de O. grossa apresentam padrão trifásico na curva de hidratação e as sementes de S. parahyba var. amazonicum tem um padrão bifásico. Ambas as curvas de hidratação se ajustaram à curva de Fourier Maia com uma série de dois termos. A germinação das duas espécies estudadas foi influenciada positivamente pelos ciclos de hidratação descontínua em condições de estresse. Sementes de O. grossa e S. parahyba var. amazonicum, quando submetidas a 2 ciclos de hidratação descontínua, geralmente apresentam melhor desempenho germinativo e podem permanecer quiescência quando submetidas a condições de estresse hídrico

Bioenergia: desenvolvimento, pesquisa e inovação

Com 27 trabalhos produzidos por pesquisadores do Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia (Bioen), da Unesp, este livro oferece uma ampla visão sobre as áreas que compõem o segmento. Seu principal objetivo é contribuir para melhorar a compreensão dos vários aspectos da bioenergia, em especial no Brasil, que figura entre os países com maior nível de desenvolvimento tecnológico no setor. Os artigos abordam uma série abrangente de questões relacionadas à bioenergia, como a construção genética das plantas de cana-de-açúcar visando ao aumento de produtividade, a disseminação de sementes para estimular a propagação de espécies com potencial energético, etapas de produção de bioenergia, usos do combustível e seus efeitos nos diversos tipos de motores. Agrupados por assunto, os textos estão distribuídos em cinco partes: Biomassa para bioenergia; Produção de biocombustíveis; Utilização de bioenergia; Biorrefinaria, alcoolquímica e oleoquímica e Sustentabilidade dos biocombustíveis

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora