Estrutura de prática e freqüência de "feedback" extrínseco na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different practice schedules and external feedback frequencies on motor skill learning. A hundred and forty four children with ages between 11 and 12 years old participated in this study. The task was the overhead volleyball service, which was performed with the objective to make the ball hit the center of a circular target placed on the opposite court. The participants were randomly distributed in eight groups, each one based on a combination of constant, random, constant-random, and random-constant practice schedules with feedback frequencies of 100% and 33%. The knowledge of performance (KP) manipulation was based on a hierarchical list. The study consisted of two experimental phases: stabilization and adaptation (130 and 30 trials, respectively). Dependent variables were related to accuracy and movement pattern. The Friedman test was used for a within-group analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test for the comparisons between groups. The results showeld that there isn't improvement in the performance during the stabilization phase, and in the adaptation phase the performance of all groups was worsed, regarding the previous phase. Therefore, the results not permit conclued about the effects of different practice schedules and KP frequencies, seen that was not proved occurrence of learning.O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes estruturas de prática e freqüências de "feedback" extrínseco na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras. Foram participantes 144 crianças entre 11 e 12 anos de idade. A tarefa foi o saque por cima do voleibol, executada com o objetivo de fazer com que a bola acertasse o centro de um alvo redondo localizado no lado oposto da quadra. As crianças foram distribuídas em oito grupos que resultaram da combinação das práticas constante, aleatória, constante-aleatória e aleatória-constante com as freqüências de "feedback" extrínseco de 100% e 33%. O "feedback" extrínseco manipulado foi o conhecimento de performance (CP), sendo que o mesmo foi baseado em uma lista de hierarquia de fornecimento de CP. A prática aleatória sozinha e em combinação com a prática constante foi manipulada em termos de diferentes regiões do saque. O estudo envolveu duas fases: estabilização e adaptação, com a execução de 130 e 30 tentativas, respectivamente. As variáveis dependentes referiram-se à pontuação relativa à meta do saque e ao padrão de movimento. Utilizou-se para análises intragrupo o teste de Friedman e para as análises entre grupos o teste Kruskal Wallis. Os resultados mostraram que não houve melhora no desempenho durante a fase de estabilização e que na fase de adaptação o desempenho de todos os grupos foi piorado, em relação à fase anterior. Sendo assim, os resultados não permitem concluir sobre os efeitos de diferentes estruturas de prática e freqüências de "feedback" extrínseco, uma vez que não foi constatada ocorrência de aprendizagem

Biological Activity of a New Triterpen Isolated from Guarea carinata (Meliaceae)

From the bark of Guarea carinata was isolated as main constituent a diacetilated triterpen (I) of protolimonoids type, derived from apo-tirucalol, that showed antifeedant activity in biological control of Urbanus acawoios(Lepidoptera,Hesperiidae).Do cerne de Guarea carinata foi isolado como principal constituinte um triterpeno di-acetilado (I). do grupo dos protolimonóides, derivado do apo-tirucalol e que mostrou atividade no controle biológico das larvas de Urbanus acawoioa(WILLIAMS, R. C, 1926) (Lepidoptera Hesperiidac)

Estimation of HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, 2013

OBJECTIVE To estimate HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, Recife and Curitiba, in the year of 2013. METHODS The method for estimating incidence was based on primary information, resulting from the Lag-Avidity laboratory test for detection of recent HIV infections, applied in a sample of the cases diagnosed in the two cities in 2013. For the estimation of the HIV incidence for the total population of the cities, the recent infections detected in the research were annualized and weighted by the inverse of the probability of HIV testing in 2013 among the infected and not diagnosed cases. After estimating HIV incidence for the total population, the incidence rates were estimated by sex, age group, and exposure category. RESULTS In Recife, 902 individuals aged 13 years and older were diagnosed with HIV infection. From these, 528 were included in the study, and the estimated proportion of recent infections was 13.1%. In Curitiba, 1,013 people aged 13 years and older were diagnosed, 497 participated in the study, and the proportion of recent infections was 10.5%. In Recife, the estimated incidence rate was 53.1/100,000 inhabitants of 13 years and older, while in Curitiba, it was 41.1/100,000, with male-to-female ratio of 3.5 and 2.4, respectively. We observed high rates of HIV incidence among men who have sex with men, of 1.47% in Recife and 0.92% in Curitiba. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the two cities showed that the group of men who have sex with men are disproportionately subject to a greater risk of new infections, and indicate that strategies to control the spread of the epidemic in this population subgroup are essential and urgent.OBJETIVO Estimar a incidência de HIV em dois municípios brasileiros, Recife e Curitiba, no ano de 2013. MÉTODOS O método de estimação da incidência foi baseado em informações primárias, resultantes do ensaio laboratorial Lag-Avidity para detecção de infecções recentes do HIV, aplicado em uma amostra dos casos diagnosticados nas duas cidades em 2013. Para a estimação da incidência de HIV para a população total das cidades, as infecções recentes detectadas na pesquisa foram anualizadas e ponderadas pelo inverso da probabilidade de teste de HIV no ano de 2013 entre os casos infectados e não diagnosticados. Após a estimação da incidência de HIV para a população total, foram estimadas as taxas de incidência por sexo, faixa de idade e categoria de exposição. RESULTADOS Em Recife, foram diagnosticados 902 indivíduos de 13 anos e mais com infecção de HIV. Desses, 528 foram incluídos no estudo, e a proporção estimada de infecções recentes foi de 13,1%. Em Curitiba, foram diagnosticadas 1.013 pessoas de 13 anos e mais, 497 participaram do estudo, e a proporção de infecções recentes foi de 10,5%. Em Recife, a taxa de incidência estimada foi de 53,1 por 100 mil habitantes de 13 anos e mais, enquanto em Curitiba, de 41,1 por 100 mil, com razão do sexo masculino para o feminino de 3,5 e 2,4, respectivamente. Foram evidenciadas elevadas taxas de incidência de HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens, de 1,47% em Recife e 0,92% em Curitiba. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados obtidos nas duas cidades mostraram que o grupo dos homens que fazem sexo com homens está desproporcionalmente sujeito ao maior risco de novas infecções, e indicam que estratégias para controle da disseminação da epidemia nesse subgrupo populacional são essenciais e urgentes

Estimation of HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, 2013

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate HIV incidence in two Brazilian municipalities, Recife and Curitiba, in the year of 2013. METHODS The method for estimating incidence was based on primary information, resulting from the Lag-Avidity laboratory test for detection of recent HIV infections, applied in a sample of the cases diagnosed in the two cities in 2013. For the estimation of the HIV incidence for the total population of the cities, the recent infections detected in the research were annualized and weighted by the inverse of the probability of HIV testing in 2013 among the infected and not diagnosed cases. After estimating HIV incidence for the total population, the incidence rates were estimated by sex, age group, and exposure category. RESULTS In Recife, 902 individuals aged 13 years and older were diagnosed with HIV infection. From these, 528 were included in the study, and the estimated proportion of recent infections was 13.1%. In Curitiba, 1,013 people aged 13 years and older were diagnosed, 497 participated in the study, and the proportion of recent infections was 10.5%. In Recife, the estimated incidence rate was 53.1/100,000 inhabitants of 13 years and older, while in Curitiba, it was 41.1/100,000, with male-to-female ratio of 3.5 and 2.4, respectively. We observed high rates of HIV incidence among men who have sex with men, of 1.47% in Recife and 0.92% in Curitiba. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the two cities showed that the group of men who have sex with men are disproportionately subject to a greater risk of new infections, and indicate that strategies to control the spread of the epidemic in this population subgroup are essential and urgent

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Ações do Profissional de Psicologia no Centro de Referência da Assistência Social

This study discusses the actions of psychology professionals at the Reference Center of Social Assistance. Seven professionals were interviewed from the cities of Barbalha, Crato, and Juazeiro do Norte, in Ceará State. A semi-structured interview protocol was used considering the following aspects: bio-socio-demographic data, difficulties faced, academic formation, activities accomplished, and psychology's contribution to users. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The transcripts denote the following: challenges due to the work conditions and academic formation. This formation only provides support to an individualizing clinical practice; practice is limited to welcoming and psychological care. It is possible to find practices with limited reach with regard to autonomy and execution of users' rights development, which demonstrates how important it is for professionals to use more standardized and engaging psychology versions with clients in social vulnerability conditions.Neste artigo, discutem-se as ações dos profissionais de Psicologia nos Centros de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS). Trabalhou-se com sete profissionais de Barbalha, Crato e Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará. Utilizou-se de entrevista semiestruturada, que contemplou dados biosociodemográficos; dificuldades enfrentadas; formação acadêmica e atividades realizadas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo. As falas denotaram que há dificuldades decorrentes tanto das condições de trabalho oferecidas quanto da formação acadêmica. A formação dá suporte para uma atuação clínica individualizante. A prática gira em torno do acolhimento e atendimento psicológico. Percebe-se atuação com alcance limitado no que concerne ao desenvolvimento da autonomia e da efetivação dos direitos dos usuários, sinalizando-se para importância de os profissionais recorrerem a versões de Psicologia mais politizadas e comprometidas com os sujeitos em condição de vulnerabilidade social.El artículo discute las acciones de los profesionales de psicología en los Centros de Referencia de Asistencia Social. Se trabajó con siete profesionales de Barbalha, Crato y Juazeiro do Norte. Las entrevistas semi-estructuradas abordaron: datos biosocio-demográficos, dificultades enfrentadas, formación académica, actividades realizadas, y contribución de la psicología para los usuarios. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el análisis de contenido. Los discursos denotaron que: existen dificultades derivadas tanto de las condiciones de trabajo ofrecidas como de la formación académica; esta formación favorece una actuación clínica individualizante; la práctica gira en torno al acogimiento y la atención psicológica. La actuación es limitada en cuanto al desarrollo de la autonomía y la realización de los derechos de los usuarios, mostrando la importancia que los profesionales utilicen versiones de Psicología más politizadas y comprometidas con los sujetos en condición de vulnerabilidad social

Ações do Profissional de Psicologia no Centro de Referência da Assistência Social

Neste artigo, discutem-se as ações dos profissionais de Psicologia nos Centros de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS). Trabalhou-se com sete profissionais de Barbalha, Crato e Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará. Utilizou-se de entrevista semiestruturada, que contemplou dados biosociodemográficos; dificuldades enfrentadas; formação acadêmica e atividades realizadas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo. As falas denotaram que há dificuldades decorrentes tanto das condições de trabalho oferecidas quanto da formação acadêmica. A formação dá suporte para uma atuação clínica individualizante. A prática gira em torno do acolhimento e atendimento psicológico. Percebe-se atuação com alcance limitado no que concerne ao desenvolvimento da autonomia e da efetivação dos direitos dos usuários, sinalizando-se para importância de os profissionais recorrerem a versões de Psicologia mais politizadas e comprometidas com os sujeitos em condição de vulnerabilidade social