ANALYTICAL METHOD BY HPLC-DAD ALLOWS QUANTIFICATION OF QUERCETIN MARKER IN STANDARDIZED EXTRACT OF ANADENANTHERA COLUBRINA VAR. CEBIL

Objective: The Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brennan var. cebil is a medicinal plant that has been used for the treatment of many diseases in the northeastern region of Brazil. This plant contains secondary metabolites such as quercetin, a flavonoid that is known by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this work is to propose the validation of an analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for the quantification of quercetin and standardization of the hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of A. colubrina.Methods: The A. colubrina extracts were prepared by the maceration process with powdered leaves at 20% weight: volume (w/v) and a hydroalcoholic solution at 50% volume: volume (v/v) for 120 h at room temperature. After pretreatment of the hydroalcoholic extract, the quercetin marker was used for quantification and proceeded to the evaluation of validation parameters for the method using HPLC-DAD.Results: The analytical method proved to be specific. Linear over the range 1.4–26.6 µg/ml, regression analysis showed a good correlation coefficient (R2= 0.999); the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.27 and 0.81 μg/ml respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) did not exceed 2.5% for precision. The proposed method was validated with an average recovery of 92.5–97.5%.Conclusion: The method was validated using HPLC-DAD, allowing the quantification of quercetin in the standardisation process of extracts and quality control of the herbal drug containing A. colubrina Phyto complex

Formação continuada de professores da rede estadual de educação de Goiás e seus desafios / Continuing education for teachers in the Goiás state education system and its challenges

Este artigo objetiva discorrer sobre os desafios da formação continuada em serviço dos professores da Rede Estadual de Educação de Goiás. Nesse sentido, as obras de Fritjof Capra – O Ponto de Mutação – e de Boaventura de Souza Santos – Um Discurso Sobre a Ciência e Renovar a Teoria Crítica e Reinventar a Emancipação Social – foram fundamentais para a análise da problemática que envolve os docentes dessa rede de educação, haja vista que esses autores discorrem sobre a visão cartesiana sob a qual a educação vem se pautando e ainda fala sobre a presença marcante da  compartimentalização dos saberes, do conteudísmo, ecologia de saberes e sobretudo do ponto principal que emperra o processo formativo: o comportamento humano. Essa discussão traz à tona toda a problemática da que gira em torno da formação continuada, ou formação em serviço, onde discutimos a resistência dos professores, principalmente dos pós-graduados em receber formação e ainda de repensar suas práticas afim de promover o incremento do processo de ensino aprendizagem, de forma integral. Em voga estão as mazelas que rodeiam a Unidade Escolar e sobretudo à Rede Estadual de Educação de Goiás, num processo de formação continuada que deveria ser realizada por uma Rede Colaborativa de Tutoria instituída pela Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Goiás, via Superintendência de Gestão Pedagógica e fica bastante claro que o ponto de atenção principal que emperra o processo está centrado no perfil do ser humano envolvido no processo: o professor e suas convicções, suas crenças, suas práticas e suas metodologias que por vezes não atendem às necessidades do estudante do século 21

THE STUDY OF THE ACUTE AND SUB-ACUTE ORAL TOXICITIES OF THE NEBULIZED EXTRACT OF MYRACRODRUON URUNDEUVA ALLEMÃO IN RABBITS

Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute oral toxicities of the nebulized dried extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva (NDEMU) leaf obtained by the spray drying technique on rabbits.Methods: In the acute toxicity study, the amount of nebulized dried extract (NDE) administered was adjusted to a dose of 2000 mg/kg of leaf powder of M. urundeuva to 6 rabbits once orally and were observed for 14 days. In the sub-acute study, the amount of NDEMU administered was adjusted to a dose of 2000 mg/kg/day of to 6 rabbits once daily for 30 day, orally. The appearance of toxic symptoms was observed every day, followed by each rabbits' food and drink intake. Haematological and biochemical analysis were observed and statistical analysis was performed on them. The rabbits were killed at the end of the study, and their organs were weighed and examined before organ histology were evaluated.Results: No toxic signs and no mortality were observed in the acute and sub-acute study. In the sub-acute study, the amount of dried extract administered was adjusted to a dose of 2000 mg/kg of leaf powder of M. urundeuva to 6 rabbits once daily for 30 days, orally. No toxic signs and no mortality were observed. There were no significant changes (p < 0.05) in the body weights, organ weights and haemato-biochemical parameters in any of the dose levels. No related histopathological lesions were observed.Conclusion: The results indicate that the treatment of repeated doses with the dried NDEME showed low toxicity in rabbits

STANDARDIZATION AND STABILITY EVALUATION OF DRY EXTRACTS OF MYRACRODRUON URUNDEUVA ALLEMÃO OBTAINED BY SPRAY DRIER

Objective: This study aimed to obtain standardised dry extracts of Miracrodruon urundeuva Allemão using spray-dryer and evaluate the stability of the extracts.Methods: It evaluated the drying parameters: Proportion of colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) (10, 15 and 20%), inlet temperature (160, 170 and 180 °C) and feed rate (4, 6 and 8 ml/min). The study of the accelerated stability of dry extract occurred in temperature of 40 °C (±2 °C) and relative humidity of 75% (±5%) for 6 mo. The anti-inflammatory activity of the dry extract was evaluated in Swiss mice by the paw edema method.Results: Variations in drying conditions did not represent significant variations in yields of the process. The drying temperature and feed rate significantly influenced the concentration of quercetin (p≤0.05). The increase in inlet temperature and feed flow promoted the increase of quercetin concentration in the extracts. The stability study showed that the concentration of quercetin in dry extract was stable over a period of 6 mo. The dry extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in mice orally.Conclusion: A condition of 10% of colloidal silicon dioxide with an 180 °C inlet temperature and a feed rate of 8 ml/min was considered the most adequate for obtaining the extracts and the drying process resulted in stable dry extracts and the quercetin was a suitable biomarker for monitoring the process

Avaliação antropométrica e sua associação com variáveis clínicas em pacientes pediátricos com fibrose cística de um centro no Nordeste brasileiro

Introdução: a avaliação e o acompanhamento nutricional fazem parte do cuidado integral dos pacientes com fibrose cística (FC),possibilitando intervenção precoce e tratamento mais efetivo da doença. Objetivo: avaliar o estado antropométrico de crianças eadolescentes com FC e pesquisar sua associação com variáveis clínicas e demográficas. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, incluindo-seindivíduos entre 1-19 anos de idade. Foram registradas medidas de peso, estatura, circunferência do braço (CB) e da prega cutâneatricipital (PCT) e calculados indicadores antropométricos (Peso/Idade- P/I, Altura idade -A/I e IMC/idade-IMC/I) e CircunferênciaMuscular do Braço (CMB). Comparou-se o indicador CMB com variáveis clínicas e demográficas através do cálculo de razões deprevalência (RP). Resultados: foram incluídos 41 pacientes, 53,6% do sexo masculino, mediana de idade de 78 meses. Quinze (36,6%)pacientes foram classificados como desnutridos pela avaliação da CMB (<P5), enquanto, através do indicador IMC/I, apenas um (2,4%)apresentava magreza. Trinta (73,1%) pacientes tinha insuficiência pancreática (IP), determinada pela terapia de reposição enzimática(TRE) e/ou níveis da elastase fecal. Todos os pacientes realizaram pesquisas de mutações no gene CFTR e 38 (92,8%) tiveram duasvariantes patológicas identificadas, dos quais 25 (65,8%) tinham pelo menos um alelo para a variante F508del. Dezesseis (39%)crianças cursavam com infecções respiratórias recorrentes. A desnutrição (CMB<P5) teve uma associação positiva com as seguintesvariáveis: idade do diagnóstico, sexo masculino, PCT >P15, TRE, mutação F508/del e A/I<-2, observando-se maior associação comas três últimas, RP de 6,25, 3,12; e 2,06; respectivamente. Conclusão: o IMC pode não ser suficiente para a avaliação do estadonutricional na FC, pois subestima a prevalência de desnutrição. Com exceção das infecções respiratórias recorrentes, as demaisvariáveis tiveram associação com o indicador CMB <P5

Anthropophilic activity of Aedes aegypti and of Aedes albopictus in area under control and surveillance

OBJECTIVE: To describe the hematophagous activity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in an area under control and surveillance. METHODS: The study was conducted during 18 months, from April, 1993 to October, 1994, in Cosmópolis, São Paulo state, Brazil. Human baits were used to collect mosquitoes. The number of females captured is presented monthly by area of the city and local in the household. The rainfall was measured and indices are presented without model adjustment. RESULTS: The presence of females of both species was observed in 83% (Ae albopictus) and 61% (Ae. aegypti) of the period studied. The months of January, February and March presented the highest rates of activity for females of both species, with Ae. albopictus being more frequently captured than Ae. aegypti. Both species were captured in central and peripheral areas of the city, during the day from 9 to 12 am and from 4 to 7 pm. By a Poisson regression, it was observed that Ae. albopictus females were more frequently captured in the peri-housed area, in an independent way considering the area of the city. CONCLUSIONS: It has been identified difference on the hematophagous activity only for Ae. albopictus, being of importance the outside area of the house.OBJETIVO: Descrever a atividade de hematofagia de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus em área submetida ao controle e à vigilância entomológica. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado de abril de 1993 a setembro de 1994, na cidade de Cosmópolis, Estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se isca humana para coleta dos exemplares. Calculou-se o número médio mensal de fêmeas capturadas por domicílio segundo as áreas central e periférica do município e os locais intra e peridomiciliar. Apresenta-se o índice pluviométrico mensal sem ajuste de modelo. RESULTADOS: Observou-se a presença de fêmeas das espécies em 83% (Ae. albopictus) e 61% (Ae. aegypti) do período estudado. Os meses de janeiro, fevereiro e março apresentaram maior atividade de fêmeas para as duas espécies, com maior presença de Ae. albopictus do que de Ae. aegypti. Os exemplares foram capturados na área central e periférica da cidade, nos períodos matutino, das 9:00 às 12:00 e crepuscular vespertino, das 16:00 às 19:00. Com utilização de modelo de regressão de Poisson, observou-se que fêmeas de Ae. albopictus foram mais capturadas no peridomicílio, independente se área central ou periférica. CONCLUSÕES: Foi detectada diferença no perfil de atividade da hematofagia somente para o Ae. albopictus, sendo de relevância o peridomicílio

Tecnologias de produção e de controle de qualidade da matéria-prima vegetal, obtida a partir das folhas de angico (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul)

Anadenanthera colubrina (angico) is a medicinal plant, native to caatinga, whose extractive solutions are popularly used to treat infections and inflammations of diseases of the gastric and respiratory tract, being one of the ten medicinal plants, most used in Northeast Brazil. Researchers, evaluating phytochemical studies of extracts of A. colubrina demonstrated the presence of secondary metabolites, such as: alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids such as quercetin, thus the purpose of this work was to propose the validation and covalidation of analytical method for analysis of quercetin by CLAE-DAD, standardization of A. colubrina plant extract (fluid extract, dry extract), optimization of the drying conditions of the extract by spray drying and pre-formulated production with different technological adjuvants and study of their accelerated stability. The validation of the analytical method followed protocols of RDC 899/2003 (ANVISA). The standardization of the fluid extract of the leaves of A. colubrina evaluated the influence of the alcoholic content and the particle size of the vegetal drug in the extractive process, being the extractive efficiency determined as a function of the concentration of the quercetin marker, analyzed by HPLCDAD. The standardization of the nebulized dry extract (ESN) evaluated the influence of air inlet temperature, pump feed flow and adjuvant ratio through factorial design 23 + 1 using as answer the quercetin marker content and process yield. The pre-formulations were produced by physical mixing 1:1, containing dried nebulized extract (ESN) and pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose 102, maltodextrin and lactose M 200, and then accelerated stability study for 180 days according to official guide (RDC 45/2012). The results demonstrate that the extractive efficiency occurs at the conditions of solvent proportion at 50 and 70% ethanol with quercetin concentration of 122.5 and 124.2 μg / mL respectively. The evaluation of particle sizes in the extractive process has shown that as particle size is reduced, there is an increase in the extractive efficiency of flavonoid quercetin under the conditions evaluated. The analytical method validated by CLAE-DAD demonstrated that the method is specific, linear, sensitive, accurate, excellent recovery, robust and suitable for the intended purpose, according to official guides. The factorial design applied to the production of the dried extract of A. colubrina indicated the optimum drying condition, such as 10% adjuvant ratio, 160ºC inlet temperature and 8mL / min pump flow. The results of the accelerated stability study of A. colubrina pre-formulated dry extract showed that the pre-formulated were stable and follow the zero-order kinetic model of degradation. The study determined the time required for the quercetin content to degrade by 10% in relation to the initial content, and the following times were obtained in decreasing order of stability: starch> microcrystalline cellulose> maltodextrin> lactose and the pre-formulated starch (41 months) and cellulose (15 months) the ones that had better performance. The results obtained in the present study allowed to add new technologies in the production and quality control of products derived from A. colubrina, producing dry extract standardized by spray-drying, with maintenance of the characteristics of its quality.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESAnadenanthera colubrina (angico) é uma planta medicinal, nativa da caatinga, cujos soluções extrativas são popularmente usadas para tratar infecções e inflamações de doenças do trato gástrico e respiratório, sendo uma das dez plantas medicinais mais usadas no Nordeste do Brasil. Pesquisadores, avaliando estudos fitoquímicos de extratos de A. colubrina demonstraram a presença de metabólitos secundários, como: alcaloides, esteroides, triterpenóides, compostos fenólicos e flavonóides como a quercetina, sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor a validação e covalidação de método analítico para análise de marcador quercetina por CLAE-DAD, realizar a padronização da matéria prima ativa vegetal de A. colubrina (extrato fluido, extrato seco), otimização das condições de secagem do extrato por spray drying e produção de pré-formulados com diferentes adjuvantes tecnológicos e realizar estudo de estabilidade acelerada dos mesmos. A validação do método analítico seguiu protocolos da RDC 899/2003 (ANVISA). A padronização do extrato fluido das folhas de A. colubrina, avaliou a influência do teor alcoólico e do tamanho de partícula da droga vegetal no processo extrativo, sendo a eficiência extrativa determinada em função da concentração do marcador quercetina, analisado por CLAE-DAD. A padronização do extrato seco nebulizado (ESN) avaliou a influência da temperatura de entrada de ar, fluxo de alimentação da bomba e proporção de adjuvante através de planejamento fatorial 23+1 empregando como resposta o teor do marcador quercetina e rendimento do processo. Os pré-formulados foram produzidos por mistura física 1:1, contendo extrato seco nebulizado (ESN) e amido pré-gelatinizado, celulose microcristalina 102, maltodextrina e lactose M 200, sendo então realizado estudo de estabilidade acelerada durante 180 dias conforme guia oficial (RDC 45/2012). Os resultados demonstram que a eficiência extrativa ocorre nas condições de proporção de solvente á 50 e 70% de etanol com concentração de quercetina de 122,5 e 124,2 μg/ mL respectivamente. A avaliação dos tamanhos de partículas no processo extrativo, demonstrou que a medida que se reduz o tamanho de partícula, há aumento na eficiência extrativa do flavonoide quercetina nas condições avaliadas. O método analítico validado por CLAE-DAD demonstrou que o método é específico, linear, sensível, preciso, excelente recuperação, robusto e adequados para a finalidade pretendida, conforme guias oficiais. O planejamento fatorial aplicado na produção do extrato seco de A. colubrina, apontou a condição ótima de secagem, como sendo 10% de proporção de adjuvante, 160ºC a temperatura de entrada e 8mL/min de fluxo de alimentação da bomba. Os resultados do estudo de estabilidade acelerada dos pré-formulados de extrato seco de A. colubrina, demonstraram que os pré-formulados eram estáveis e que seguem modelo cinético de degradação de ordem zero. O estudo determinou o tempo necessário para que o teor de quercetina degradasse 10% em relação ao teor inicial, sendo obtido os seguintes tempos em ordem decrescente de estabilidade: amido > celulose microcristalina > maltodextrina > lactose sendo os pré-formulados amido (41 meses) e celulose (15 meses) os que tiveram melhor desempenho. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo permitiram agregar novas tecnologias na produção e controle de qualidade de produtos derivados de A. colubrina, produzindo extrato seco padronizado por spray-drying, com manutenção das características de sua qualidade

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH DIODE ARRAY DETECTOR METHOD TO ANALYSIS OF KAEMPFEROL MARKER FROM EXTRACTS OF POINCIANELLA PYRAMIDALIS (TUL) L.P QUEIROZ

Objective: This study aims to develop the extraction of the marker kaempferol in the fluid extract (FE) and validate an analytical method that monitors the quality of extracts of P. pyramidalis. Methods: The P. pyramidalis leaves were collected and then were dried to milling process. The extracts were drawn up at 20% weight: Volume (w/v) by maceration, and the extraction system used was hydroethanol solution ratio at 50:50 volume: Volume (v: v). From the hydroalcoholic extract, a method of extracting the kaempferol biomarker was developed and validated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector. To validate a method, the following parameters were evaluated: Specificity, selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, robustness, and stability. Results: The method developed proved to be efficient, as it allowed the analysis of the interferents free marker, with recovery above 90%, linear over the range 1.4–26.6 μg/mL, correlation coefficient R2=0.999, and LOD and LOQ 0.07 and 0.22 μg/mL, respectively, specificity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Conclusion: The extraction methodology of the kaempferol marker was successfully developed interferents free and the validated method by HPLC-DAD represents a useful tool in the quality control of P. pyramidalis herbal medicines

THERMAL DEGRADATION KINETICS OF KAEMPFEROL AND QUERCETIN IN THE PRE-FORMULATED OF THE STANDARDIZED EXTRACTS OF POINCIANELLA PYRAMIDALIS (TUL.) L. P. QUEIROZ OBTAINED BY SPRAY DRYER

Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability and determine the kinetic parameters of degradation of biomarkers kaempferol and quercetin, present in the pre-formulated of the extract of Poincianella pyramidalis obtained by a spray dryer.Methods: A 23experimental design coupled with RSM was applied to evaluate and optimize the effects of processing parameters on the content of chemical markers in dry extracts by a spray dryer. Stability testing was performed to verify the influence of temperature on the degradation of kaempferol and quercetin present in the pre-formulated. The markers contents were determined by HPLC.Results: Surface response analysis showed the influence of the independent variables on the responses of the concentration kaempferol and quercentin biomarkers on the process. The variables of the inlet air temperature, flow feed rate and the adjuvant ratio presented negative responses with significant difference (p<0.05). According to the data obtained in the stability of the pre-formulated studied zero and second orders kinetics models the for degradation of the kaempferol and only second order kinetic model for the quercetin. It was also evaluated reducing the concentration of both biomarkers studied throughout the study.Conclusion: In the present study, it was observed that all independent variables of the drying process by spray dryer showed the greatest influence on the concentration of the studied markers. Two markers had a different thermal behavior compared to the different excipients studied and there was degradation of both the quercentin biomarker and kaempferol during the study period