ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Avaliação da rugosidade, dureza e resistencia a flexão de resina acrílica ativada quimicamente e manipulada por diversas técnicas

A confecção de coroas provisórias de resina acrílica ativada quimicamente (RAAQ) faz parte do processo de reabilitação oral com próteses dentárias. Para a confecção destas coroas provisórias são utilizadas diversas técnicas, as quais podem alterar as propriedades da resina, como, por exemplo, rugosidade superficial, dureza e resistência a flexão .Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a rugosidade superficial das RAAQs além de, dureza e resistência a flexão, de determinada marca comercial de resina acrílica frente a diferentes técnicas de manipulação. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova utilizando três técnicas diferentes de manipulação de resina acrílica. Os corpos de prova formaram 3 grupos no qual foram analisados: GRUPO I – técnica do pincel; GRUPO II - técnica da mistura conforme fabricante em pote dappen; GRUPO III técnica da mistura conforme fabricante com acréscimo de água. Para cada tipo de processamento foram confeccionados 5 corpos de prova de cada grupo, totalizando 15 corpos de prova para a análise da rugosidade superficial. A rugosidade de superfície (Ra) foi verificada em dois momentos diferentes, antes e após o polimento de superfície. O valor de rugosidade superficial de cada corpo de prova foi determinado pela média aritmética das seis leituras Para a avaliação da resistência a flexão e módulo de elasticidade foram confeccionados 5 corpos de prova para cada grupo, totalizando 15 corpos de prova. Para a análise de microdureza Knoop foram utilizadas as metades que serão fraturadas após o ensaio de resistência á flexão. A partir dos testes realizados foi visto que , no teste da rugosidade superficial o Grupo Água obteve os maiores resultados antes do polimento. Após o polimento observou-se uma melhora significativa em todos grupos quando comparados entre si. Já o teste de resistência a flexão e microdureza mostraram não haver diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Os resultados mostram que para as confecções das coroas provisórias confeccionadas com RAAQS é necessário adequado acabamento e polimento após manipulação da técnica empregada, indiferente da técnica utilizada, sendo o fator polimento o determinante da melhora das resinas. Podemos concluir que o polimento influenciou positivamente na redução da rugosidade superficial, indiferentemente da técnica de confecção empregada, melhorando sua lisura. As técnicas empregadas neste trabalho influenciaram nos valores finais de resistência a flexão e microdureza.The preparation of temporary crowns of chemically active acrylic resin (RAAQ) is part of the oral rehabilitation process with dental prostheses. For the preparation of these temporary crowns, several techniques are used, which can alter the properties of the resin, such as surface roughness, hardness and flexural strength. This study aims to evaluate the surface roughness of RAAQs in addition to hardness and Resistance of a certain trademark of acrylic resin to different manipulation techniques. Test specimens were prepared using three different acrylic resin manipulation techniques. The specimens formed 3 groups in which they were analyzed: GROUP I - brush technique; GROUP II - dappen pot mixing technique; GROUP III mixing technique with water. For each type of processing, 5 test specimens from each group were made, totaling 15 specimens for the analysis of surface roughness. Surface roughness (Ra) was verified at two different times, before and after surface polishing. The surface roughness value of each test specimen was determined by the arithmetic mean of the six readings. For the evaluation of flexural strength and modulus of elasticity, 5 specimens were prepared for each group, totaling 15 specimens. For the Knoop microhardness analysis, the halves were used which will be fractured after the flexural strength test. From the tests carried out, it was observed that, in the surface roughness test, the Water Group obtained the best results before polishing. After polishing, a significant improvement was observed in all groups when compared to each other. The flexural strength and microhardness tests showed no significant differences between groups. The results show that for the confection of temporary crowns made with RAAQS, it is necessary to finish and polish after handling the technique, regardless of the technique used, and the polishing factor is the determinant of resin improvement. We can conclude that the polishing positively influenced the reduction of the surface roughness, regardless of the technique used, improving its smoothness. The techniques employed in this work influenced the final values of flexural strength and microhardness

Avaliação da rugosidade, dureza e resistencia a flexão de resina acrílica ativada quimicamente e manipulada por diversas técnicas

A confecção de coroas provisórias de resina acrílica ativada quimicamente (RAAQ) faz parte do processo de reabilitação oral com próteses dentárias. Para a confecção destas coroas provisórias são utilizadas diversas técnicas, as quais podem alterar as propriedades da resina, como, por exemplo, rugosidade superficial, dureza e resistência a flexão .Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a rugosidade superficial das RAAQs além de, dureza e resistência a flexão, de determinada marca comercial de resina acrílica frente a diferentes técnicas de manipulação. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova utilizando três técnicas diferentes de manipulação de resina acrílica. Os corpos de prova formaram 3 grupos no qual foram analisados: GRUPO I – técnica do pincel; GRUPO II - técnica da mistura conforme fabricante em pote dappen; GRUPO III técnica da mistura conforme fabricante com acréscimo de água. Para cada tipo de processamento foram confeccionados 5 corpos de prova de cada grupo, totalizando 15 corpos de prova para a análise da rugosidade superficial. A rugosidade de superfície (Ra) foi verificada em dois momentos diferentes, antes e após o polimento de superfície. O valor de rugosidade superficial de cada corpo de prova foi determinado pela média aritmética das seis leituras Para a avaliação da resistência a flexão e módulo de elasticidade foram confeccionados 5 corpos de prova para cada grupo, totalizando 15 corpos de prova. Para a análise de microdureza Knoop foram utilizadas as metades que serão fraturadas após o ensaio de resistência á flexão. A partir dos testes realizados foi visto que , no teste da rugosidade superficial o Grupo Água obteve os maiores resultados antes do polimento. Após o polimento observou-se uma melhora significativa em todos grupos quando comparados entre si. Já o teste de resistência a flexão e microdureza mostraram não haver diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Os resultados mostram que para as confecções das coroas provisórias confeccionadas com RAAQS é necessário adequado acabamento e polimento após manipulação da técnica empregada, indiferente da técnica utilizada, sendo o fator polimento o determinante da melhora das resinas. Podemos concluir que o polimento influenciou positivamente na redução da rugosidade superficial, indiferentemente da técnica de confecção empregada, melhorando sua lisura. As técnicas empregadas neste trabalho influenciaram nos valores finais de resistência a flexão e microdureza.The preparation of temporary crowns of chemically active acrylic resin (RAAQ) is part of the oral rehabilitation process with dental prostheses. For the preparation of these temporary crowns, several techniques are used, which can alter the properties of the resin, such as surface roughness, hardness and flexural strength. This study aims to evaluate the surface roughness of RAAQs in addition to hardness and Resistance of a certain trademark of acrylic resin to different manipulation techniques. Test specimens were prepared using three different acrylic resin manipulation techniques. The specimens formed 3 groups in which they were analyzed: GROUP I - brush technique; GROUP II - dappen pot mixing technique; GROUP III mixing technique with water. For each type of processing, 5 test specimens from each group were made, totaling 15 specimens for the analysis of surface roughness. Surface roughness (Ra) was verified at two different times, before and after surface polishing. The surface roughness value of each test specimen was determined by the arithmetic mean of the six readings. For the evaluation of flexural strength and modulus of elasticity, 5 specimens were prepared for each group, totaling 15 specimens. For the Knoop microhardness analysis, the halves were used which will be fractured after the flexural strength test. From the tests carried out, it was observed that, in the surface roughness test, the Water Group obtained the best results before polishing. After polishing, a significant improvement was observed in all groups when compared to each other. The flexural strength and microhardness tests showed no significant differences between groups. The results show that for the confection of temporary crowns made with RAAQS, it is necessary to finish and polish after handling the technique, regardless of the technique used, and the polishing factor is the determinant of resin improvement. We can conclude that the polishing positively influenced the reduction of the surface roughness, regardless of the technique used, improving its smoothness. The techniques employed in this work influenced the final values of flexural strength and microhardness