Valorization of biotechnology derived spent yeast as potential ruminant feed additive

The production of high quantities of spent yeast is a transverse problem to most industries based on fermentation processes. Traditional fermentation industries, such as breweries, and the ones that use engineered yeast to produce high commercial interest molecules, have been looking for strategies to minimize this problem. Spent yeast represents a valuable nutrient source due to its abundant levels of several high value bioactive compounds. Through an optimized autolysis process, high levels of these bioactive compounds, such as β-glucans, mannans, peptides, and other nutrients can be more easily available, targeting several commercial applications. Some of these compounds have prebiotic applicability in animal feed industries. The benefits of supplementing yeast in diets of ruminants trusts on the increase of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen, increasing the energy extracted from the diets, and consequently the animal’s performance (Bortoluzzi et al., 2018). Yeast derivatives have shown the potential to modulate ruminal fermentation by decreasing the starch degradation rate or by stimulating the growth of lactate-utilizers in the rumen. As the effect of it may be increased by low pH or by high-concentrate diets, supplementing the ruminant's diet with autolyzed yeast may help to counteract the negative effects of high-concentrate diets (Kröger et al., 2017; Humer et al., 2018; Neubauer et al., 2018). This research aimed to characterize a synthetic biotechnology fermentation derived spent yeast as potential additive to ruminant feed. Autolyzed spent yeast was spray dried and characterized in terms of composition and prebiotic potential. The challenge in the utilization of traditional fermentation derived spent yeast, for ruminant consumption, is to guarantee the level of protein and essential amino acids, their ratio and stability along storage. Results demonstrate that synthetic biology associated fermentation derived spent yeast presented both nutritional value and prebiotic activity showing high potential to be incorporated as an additive for ruminants feed, with an interesting amino acids profile.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Deficiências de macronutrientes em Abobrinha Italiana (Cucurbita pepo L.): caracterização de sintomas e crescimento

Plants need essential elements for their life, due to the various functions that these elements perform. To describe and evaluate the symptoms of macronutrient deficiency in Italian squash through visual diagnosis and to evaluate growth parameters. The statistical design used was the DIC with three replications, containing 7 treatments, in nutrient solution. The treatments were: complete nutrient solution (control), nutrient solutions with individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. After germination, the seedlings were transferred to the complete nutrient solution with 10% of their ionic strength. (adaptation period), which remained under constant aeration. Subsequently, they were transplanted to plastic vessels (8L) with nutrient solution. The observed symptoms were photographed and described. After the manifestation of visual deficiency symptoms, the treatment plants were harvested. The omission of nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg in nutrient solution results in morphological changes, translated into characteristic symptoms of deficiency of each nutrient. Macronutrient omission affects the parameters of growth and dry matter production of Italian squash. In general, the omission of macronutrients that most affect the different parts of plants was N and P.As plantas necessitam de elementos essenciais para sua vida, devido às diversas funções que esses elementos desempenham.  descrever e avaliar os sintomas de carência nutricional de macronutrientes em abobrinhaa italiana, através do diagnóstico visual e avaliar os parâmetros de crescimento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o DIC com três repetições, contendo 7 tratamentos, em solução nutritiva. Os tratamentos foram: solução nutritiva completa (controle), soluções nutritivas com omissões individuais de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Após germinadas, as mudas foram translocas para a solução nutritiva completa, com 10% da sua força iônica (período de adaptação), as quais permaneceram sob aeração constante. Posteriormente, foram transplantadas em vasos de plástico (8L) com solução nutritiva. Os sintomas percebidos, foram fotografados e descritos. Após a manifestação dos sintomas visuais de deficiência, as plantas dos tratamentos foram colhidos. A omissão dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg em solução nutritiva resultam em alterações morfológicas, traduzidas em sintomas característicos de deficiência de cada nutriente. A omissão de macronutrientes afeta os parâmetros de crescimento e produção de matéria seca de Abobrinha italiana. De maneira em geral, a omissão de macronutrientes que mais afeta as diferentes partes a plantas foram N e P.Las plantas necesitan elementos esenciales para su vida, debido a las diversas funciones que realizan estos elementos. Describir y evaluar los síntomas de la deficiencia de macronutrientes en la calabaza italiana a través del diagnóstico visual y evaluar los parámetros de crecimiento. El diseño estadístico utilizado fue el DIC con tres repeticiones, que contenía 7 tratamientos, en solución nutritiva. Los tratamientos fueron: solución nutritiva completa (control), soluciones nutritivas con omisiones individuales de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S. Después de la germinación, las plántulas se transfirieron a la solución nutritiva completa con un 10% de su fuerza iónica. (período de adaptación), que permaneció bajo aireación constante. Posteriormente, se trasplantaron a recipientes de plástico (8L) con solución nutritiva. Los síntomas observados fueron fotografiados y descritos. Después de la manifestación de los síntomas de deficiencia visual, se cosecharon las plantas de tratamiento. La omisión de los nutrientes N, P, K, Ca y Mg en la solución de nutrientes produce cambios morfológicos, traducidos en síntomas característicos de deficiencia de cada nutriente. la omisión de macronutrientes afecta los parámetros de crecimiento y producción de materia seca de la calabaza italiana. En general, la omisión de los macronutrientes que más afectan a las diferentes partes de las plantas fue N y P

Deficiências de macronutrientes em Abobrinha Italiana (Cucurbita pepo L.): caracterização de sintomas e crescimento

Plants need essential elements for their life, due to the various functions that these elements perform. To describe and evaluate the symptoms of macronutrient deficiency in Italian squash through visual diagnosis and to evaluate growth parameters. The statistical design used was the DIC with three replications, containing 7 treatments, in nutrient solution. The treatments were: complete nutrient solution (control), nutrient solutions with individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. After germination, the seedlings were transferred to the complete nutrient solution with 10% of their ionic strength. (adaptation period), which remained under constant aeration. Subsequently, they were transplanted to plastic vessels (8L) with nutrient solution. The observed symptoms were photographed and described. After the manifestation of visual deficiency symptoms, the treatment plants were harvested. The omission of nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg in nutrient solution results in morphological changes, translated into characteristic symptoms of deficiency of each nutrient. Macronutrient omission affects the parameters of growth and dry matter production of Italian squash. In general, the omission of macronutrients that most affect the different parts of plants was N and P.Las plantas necesitan elementos esenciales para su vida, debido a las diversas funciones que realizan estos elementos. Describir y evaluar los síntomas de la deficiencia de macronutrientes en la calabaza italiana a través del diagnóstico visual y evaluar los parámetros de crecimiento. El diseño estadístico utilizado fue el DIC con tres repeticiones, que contenía 7 tratamientos, en solución nutritiva. Los tratamientos fueron: solución nutritiva completa (control), soluciones nutritivas con omisiones individuales de N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S. Después de la germinación, las plántulas se transfirieron a la solución nutritiva completa con un 10% de su fuerza iónica. (período de adaptación), que permaneció bajo aireación constante. Posteriormente, se trasplantaron a recipientes de plástico (8L) con solución nutritiva. Los síntomas observados fueron fotografiados y descritos. Después de la manifestación de los síntomas de deficiencia visual, se cosecharon las plantas de tratamiento. La omisión de los nutrientes N, P, K, Ca y Mg en la solución de nutrientes produce cambios morfológicos, traducidos en síntomas característicos de deficiencia de cada nutriente. la omisión de macronutrientes afecta los parámetros de crecimiento y producción de materia seca de la calabaza italiana. En general, la omisión de los macronutrientes que más afectan a las diferentes partes de las plantas fue N y P.As plantas necessitam de elementos essenciais para sua vida, devido às diversas funções que esses elementos desempenham.  descrever e avaliar os sintomas de carência nutricional de macronutrientes em abobrinhaa italiana, através do diagnóstico visual e avaliar os parâmetros de crescimento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o DIC com três repetições, contendo 7 tratamentos, em solução nutritiva. Os tratamentos foram: solução nutritiva completa (controle), soluções nutritivas com omissões individuais de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Após germinadas, as mudas foram translocas para a solução nutritiva completa, com 10% da sua força iônica (período de adaptação), as quais permaneceram sob aeração constante. Posteriormente, foram transplantadas em vasos de plástico (8L) com solução nutritiva. Os sintomas percebidos, foram fotografados e descritos. Após a manifestação dos sintomas visuais de deficiência, as plantas dos tratamentos foram colhidos. A omissão dos nutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg em solução nutritiva resultam em alterações morfológicas, traduzidas em sintomas característicos de deficiência de cada nutriente. A omissão de macronutrientes afeta os parâmetros de crescimento e produção de matéria seca de Abobrinha italiana. De maneira em geral, a omissão de macronutrientes que mais afeta as diferentes partes a plantas foram N e P

Microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in crossbred heifers fed with two tannins sources

Tannins have been used to trigger positive effects on ruminal metabolism. So, increasing levels of tannic acid in a sorghum-based diet for five Holstein/Zebu crossbred lactating heifers were subject to a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design, five heifers x five tannins acid levels x five periods. The excretion of total purine derivatives, through the collection of spot urine samples, and the N concentration values in the milk and urine were used. All heifers received 9.87 kg/DM of corn silage as roughage and 6.38 kg of concentrate (not fed ad libitum). Diet 1 (control) contained low-tannin sorghum (0.027kg total tannin), and the other diets contained high-tannin sorghum. The levels of tannic acid added used were established based on the quantity of condensed tannin in high-tannin sorghum. Thus, diets 2, 3, 4, and 5 were supplemented with 1.5g (13.%DM), 79.5g (2.6%DM), 157.5g (3.9%DM), and 235.5g (5.2%DM) of tannic acid totalling 0.078, 0.156, 0.234, and 0.321 total tannin kg/day respectively. The urinary excretions of urea (2.0055), total allantoin (185.12  mmol/day-1) , and total purine derivatives (222.32 mmol/day-1); absorbed purines 179.3 mmol/day-1); the N microbian synthesis (130.358 (g)N/day-1); and the concentrations of allantoin in milk (36.40 mmol/day-1) were not affected by the diets. Diets using two tannins sources supplementation did not affect the animal’s health, that is, it did not change the blood and metabolic rates above the normality indices for the animal category, neither improved the efficiency of the microbial synthesis nor the balance of N for milk productionLow to moderate concentrations of condensed tannins in ruminant diets are considered to increase the post-ruminal flow of non-ammonia nitrogen. The objective of this research was study the microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance of lactating cows fed with a diet of two tannin sources, based on sorghum (condensed tannin) with increasing levels of tannic acid (hydrolysable tannin). So, increasing levels of tannic acid in a sorghum-based diet for five Holstein/Zebu crossbred lactating heifers were subject to a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design, five heifers x five tannins acid levels x five periods. The excretion of total purine derivatives, through the collection of spot urine samples, and the N concentration values in the milk and urine were used. All heifers received 9.87 kg/DM of corn silage as roughage and 6.38 kg of concentrate (not fed ad libitum). Diet 1 (control) contained low-tannin sorghum (0.027 kg total tannin), and the other diets contained high-tannin sorghum. The levels of tannic acid added used were established based on the quantity of condensed tannin in high-tannin sorghum. Thus, diets 2, 3, 4, and 5 were supplemented with 1.5g (13% DM), 79.5g (2.6% DM), 157.5 g (3.9% DM), and 235.5 g (5.2% DM) of tannic acid totalling 0.078, 0.156, 0.234, and 0.321 total tannin kg/day respectively. The urinary excretions of urea (2.0055), total allantoin (185.12 mmol/day-1), and total purine derivatives (222.32 mmol/day-1); absorbed purines 179.3 mmol/day-1); the N microbian synthesis (130.358 (g)N/day-1); and the concentrations of allantoin in milk (36.40 mmol/day-1) were not affected by the diets. Diets using two tannins (hydrolysable and condensed) sources supplementation didn’t affect the animals’ health, neither improved the microbial synthesis efficiency nor the N balance for milk production

Non-starch polysaccharides on nutrient digestibility of diets for different production stages of pigs

O milho e a soja são os maiores constituintes das rações para suínos, entretanto, há uma constante busca pela utilização de alimentos com fonte de polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNAs) para suínos nas diferentes fases de produção. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer subsídios para melhorar o conhecimento sobre os PNAs, em relação a sua influência sobre a digestibilidade e disponibilidade dos nutrientes das dietas para suínos em diferentes fases de criação. Sua inclusão na nutrição de suínos têm demonstrado efeitos positivos na produtividade, pela redução dos custos, por atuar positivamente na fisiologia ao melhorar a secreção enzimática e a digestibilidade na fase inicial, por atuar como fonte energética na fase de crescimento, pelos efeitos positivos sobre a qualidade da carcaça ou ainda por controlar possíveis problemas decorrentes da excessiva ingestão de alimentos e o estresse oriundo do confinamento nas fases reprodutivas. Os PNAs são macromoléculas de polímeros de açúcares simples resistentes à hidrólise enzimática no trato gastrintestinal de suínos, devido ao tipo de ligações entre as unidades existentes de açúcares serem do tipo beta, mas passíveis de hidrólise no intestino grosso através da fermentação microbiana. Estes carboidratos estão presentes na parede celular dos vegetais, desta forma participam da constituição da fibra dietética. Quando solúveis os PNAs, são altamente fermentáveis e podem aumentar a viscosidade da digesta formando um gel afetando o esvaziamento gástrico, aumentando a viscosidade do quimo, levando à redução da taxa de difusão das partículas na digesta e diminuindo o contato enzima-substrato. Os estudos com inclusão de ingredientes contendo PNAs na alimentação de suínos apresentaram significativos avanços em termos de identificação das fontes e as diversas funções exercidas no organismo animal nas diferentes fases de produção. Contudo, existe uma enorme variação na composição dos PNAs nas diversas fontes, e os experimentos realizados na maioria das vezes não são conclusivos. Desta forma, novas pesquisas com a utilização de PNAs, tanto solúveis como insolúveis, serão importantes, pois, podem potencializar o uso das diversas fontes nas dietas de suínos sem atuar de forma negativa na digestibilidade e disponibilidade dos nutrientes.  The corn and soybean are the major constituents in pigs diets, however, there is a constant search for non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) food sources to feed pigs at different production stages. This review objective is to provide grants to improve the NSPs knowledge, in relation to their influence on the nutrients digestibility and availability in diets for pigs in different production stages. NSPs are macromolecules simple sugar polymers (monosaccharides) resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis in pigs’ gastrointestinal tract due to the connections type between the existing units of low molecular weight carbohydrates, but subject to hydrolysis in the large intestine through microbial fermentation. Its inclusion in pig nutrition have shown positive effects on productivity, by reducing costs, by acting positively on physiology to improve enzyme secretion and digestibility in the initial phase, by acting as an energy source in the growth phase, the positive effects on carcass quality or to control possible problems associated with excessive food intake and stress arising from confinement in the reproductive stages. When soluble NSPs are highly fermentable they may increase the digesta viscosity forming a gel, affecting gastric emptying, increasing the chyme viscosity, leading to particles reduction in the diffusion rate and reducing the digesta enzyme-substrate contact. The studies with ingredients containing NSPs inclusion to feed pigs showed significant advances in identifying the sources and the many roles in the animal body at different production stages. However, there is a huge variation in the composition of NSPs in the various sources, and the experiments carried out in most cases are not conclusive. Thus, further research with the NSPs use, both soluble and insoluble, will be important, therefore, may potentiate the various sources use in pig diets without acting negatively

Fiber sources in pigs feeding

The trend observed in the meatpacking industry is the heavier pigs slaughter, this practice is operational cost savings such as logistics, infrastructure and manpower. With heavier pigs slaughter the industry achieve greater meat quantity, dilute the company costs and at the same time, enhance the noble meats value. This review aims to demonstrate the dietary fiber effects on quantitative and qualitative pig carcass characteristics and the factors that can affect these parameters. Corn and soybeans are the major contents for pigs feed; however, these grains are used in human food. The biggest challenge is maintain the livestock production efficiency using alternative foods, improving carcass characteristics and reducing costs. Studies on these foods potential in pigs production also is linked to the consumer market desires, pork with low fat. The fiber fraction in the ingredients can affect important nutritional characteristics in pigs. The nutritional and physiological fiber effects depend not only on the cell wall constituents incorporated into the diet, but also its chemical and structural composition and the way it is associated with other nutrients. Studies with soluble and insoluble dietary fiber use in pig feed have significant advances in identifying fiber sources terms and the functions exercised on the carcass qualities.The trend in the industry is the slaughter of heavier pigs, where slaughterhouses obtain more meat per hour worked, dilute fixed costs, and intensify the value added of prime meat. This allows the operational costs of logistics, infrastructure and labor reduction. The objective of this review was to demonstrate the effects of dietary fiber on aspects related to the pigs’ carcass quantitative and qualitative characteristics and the factors that affect these parameters. Corn and soybeans are the pig feed major constituents; however, they are used in human food. The biggest challenge is to maintain the animal production efficiency, using alternative foods that do not compete directly with human food. The nutritional and physiological effects of fiber depend not only on the amount of cell wall constituents incorporated into the diet, but on its chemical and structural composition and the way it is physically associated with other nutrients. Studies using soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in pig diets have significant advances in the identification of fiber sources and their functions on meat quality

Degradabilidade de grãos secos e ensilados de sorgo, com e sem tanino, submetidos à granulometrias

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da granulometria (moagem) nos grãos de dois híbridos de sorgo (com e sem tanino), conservados secos ou ensilados úmidos, sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB) em ovinos. Foram utilizados três ovinos adultos, fistulados no rúmen, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental em blocos, com arranjo fatorial de 2 x 2 x 3 , sendo dois híbridos de sorgo (com e sem tanino), duas formas de conservação (seco e ensilado), três granulometrias (inteiro, moído grosso e moído fino), e o tempo como sub parcela. Recomenda-se a moagem dos grãos de sorgo, pois proporciona aumento da degradabilidade ruminal e efetiva da matéria seca, proteína bruta e amido. A presença do tanino no grão de sorgo alterou a degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta e amido. Pelos resultados inferidos recomenda-se a moagem dos grãos de sorgo, por aumentar a degradabilidade ruminal e efetiva da matéria seca, proteína bruta e amido. O melhor tratamento foi a moagem grossa no grão sem tanino armazenado na forma de grãos secos.The main research purpose was evaluate the grinding effect on two sorghum genotypes grain with and without tannin, in dry grain or humid silage conservation above the dry matter in situ degradability and crude protein. Three rumen fistulated sheep was used, in a bloc design, in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial out line, with two sorghum genotypes (with and without tannin), two conservation ways (dry grain and high moisture grains silage) and three grinding ways (role, thick grinding and fine grinding) and time like sub-portion. To sorghum grains is recommended the grinding just because increases the dry matter and crude protein, ruminal and effective degradability. The tannins presence depressed the crude protein effective degradability, in a soft way. The fine grinding became a huge increasing in dry matter degradability rate. In this way the better treatment was the fine grinding without tannin in dry grain. We recommend the grinding, to sorghum grains independent the conservation way or utilized genotype, just because increase the ruminal and effective ruminal degradability. Mainly to without tannin genotype in dry grain way.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Caracterização de sintomas e crescimento em Abobrinha Italiana (Cucurbita pepo L.) sob carencia de micronutrientes

Vegetables need nutrients to maintain their life, due to the functions that these elements perform. This study aimed to evaluate the typical symptoms of nutritional deficiency in zucchini related to micronutrients, through visual diagnosis and growth. The statistical design used was the totally random with three replications, containing 6 treatments, in nutrient solution. The treatments were: complete nutrient solution (control), nutrient solutions with individual omissions of B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. After germination, the seedlings were transferred to the complete nutrient solution with 10% of their ionic strength (adaptation period), which remained under constant aeration and then transplanted to plastic vessels (8L) with nutrient solution. The observed symptoms were photographed and described. After the manifestation of visual deficiency symptoms, the treatments were collected. At fifteen days, boron-omitting plants began to show reduced growth. Through the parameters of growth and dry matter production evaluated, it was observed that the omissions provided significant differences in the plants of Zucchini. Under severe omission, the thrown leaves were malformed, smaller and thicker, and even death of the growth points. The omission of nutrients B and Fe in nutrient solution can be translated into characteristic deficiency symptoms of each nutrient. The omission of micronutrients affects that of Zucchini. The omission of micronutrients that most limit the different parts to plants is Fe and B.Os vegetais precisam de nutrientes para manutenção da sua vida, devido às funções que esses elementos desempenham. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os sintomas típicos de carência nutricional em Abobrinha Italiana referente aos micronutrientes, através do diagnóstico visual e o crescimento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o DIC com três repetições, contendo 6 tratamentos, em solução nutritiva. Os tratamentos foram: solução nutritiva completa (controle), soluções nutritivas com omissões individuais de B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Após a germinação, as mudas foram transferidas para a solução nutritiva completa, com 10% da sua força iônica (período de adaptação), as quais permaneceram sob aeração constante e após foram transplantadas para vasos de plástico (8L) com solução nutritiva. Os sintomas observados, foram fotografados e descritos. Após a manifestação dos sintomas visuais de deficiência, os tratamentos foram colhidos. Com quinze dias, as plantas sob omissão de boro começaram a apresentar redução no crescimento. Através dos parâmetros de crescimento e produção de matéria seca avaliados, observou-se que as omissões proporcionaram diferenças significativas nas plantas de Abobrinha Italiana. Sob omissão severa, as folhas lançadas foram mal formadas, menores e mais grossas, e ainda morte dos pontos de crescimento. A omissão dos nutrientes B e Fe em solução nutritiva podem ser traduzidas em sintomas característicos de deficiência de cada nutriente. A omissão de micronutrientes afeta o de Abobrinha Italiana. A omissão de micronutrientes que mais limita as diferentes partes a plantas são Fe e B.Las plantas necesitan nutrientes para mantener su vida, debido a las funciones que realizan estos elementos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los síntomas típicos de deficiencia nutricional en calabacín relacionados con micronutrientes, a través del diagnóstico visual y el crecimiento. El diseño estadístico utilizado fue el totalmente al azar con tres repeticiones, que contenía 6 tratamientos, en solución nutritiva. Los tratamientos fueron: solución nutritiva completa (control), soluciones nutritivas con omisiones individuales de B, Cu, Fe, Mn y Zn. Después de la germinación, las plántulas se transfirieron a la solución nutritiva completa con un 10% de su fuerza iónica (período de adaptación), que permaneció bajo aireación constante y luego se trasplantaron a recipientes de plástico (8L) con solución nutritiva. Los síntomas observados fueron fotografiados y descritos. Después de la manifestación de los síntomas de deficiencia visual, se recogieron los tratamientos. A los quince días, las plantas que omiten el boro comenzaron a mostrar un crecimiento reducido. A través de los parámetros de crecimiento y producción de materia secas evaluadas, se observó que las omisiones proporcionaban diferencias significativas en las plantas de calabacín. Bajo omisión severa, las hojas arrojadas estaban malformadas, más pequeñas y gruesas, e incluso la muerte de los puntos de crecimiento. La omisión de los nutrientes B y Fe en la solución nutritiva puede traducirse en síntomas característicos de deficiencia de cada nutriente. La omisión de micronutrientes afecta la de calabacín. La omisión de los micronutrientes que más limitan las diferentes partes de las plantas es Fe y B