Increase in ghrelin levels after weight loss in obese Zucker rats is prevented by gastric banding.

Obes Surg. 2007 Dec;17(12):1599-607. Epub 2007 Nov 30. Increase in ghrelin levels after weight loss in obese Zucker rats is prevented by gastric banding. Monteiro MP, Ribeiro AH, Nunes AF, Sousa MM, Monteiro JD, Aguas AP, Cardoso MH. Department of Anatomy and UMIB (Unit for Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research) of ICBAS (Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences), University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal. [email protected] Abstract BACKGROUND: Gastric banding is thought to decrease appetite in addition to the mechanical effects of food restriction, although this has been difficult to demonstrate in human studies. Our aim was to investigate the changes in orexigenic signals in the obese Zucker rat after gastric banding. METHODS: Obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) were submitted to gastric banding (GBP), sham gastric banding fed ad libitum (sham), or sham operation with food restriction, pair-fed to the gastric banding group (sham-PF). Lean Zucker rats (fa/+) were used as additional controls. Body weight and food intake were daily recorded for 21 days after surgery when epididymal fat was weighed and fasting ghrelin and hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression were measured. RESULTS: Gastric banding in obese Zucker rats resulted in a significant decrease of cumulative body weight gain and food intake. Furthermore, gastric banded rats were leaner than Sham-PF, as expressed by a significantly lower epididymal fat weight. Ghrelin levels of gastric banded rats were not increased when compared to sham-operated animals fed ad libitum and were significantly lower than the levels of weight matched sham-PF rats (1116.9 +/- 103.3 g GBP vs 963.2 +/- 54.3 g sham, 3,079.5 +/- 221.6 sham-PF and 2,969.9 +/- 150.9 g lean rats, p < 0.001); hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression was not increased in GBP when compared to sham-operated rats. CONCLUSION: In obese Zucker rats, GBP prevents the increase in orexigenic signals that occur during caloric deprivation. Our data support the hypothesis that sustained weight loss observed after gastric banding does not depend solely on food restriction

Curcumin as a modulator of P-glycoprotein in cancer: Challenges and perspectives

Multidrug resistance (MDR) presents a serious challenge to the efficiency of cancer treatment, and may be associated with the overexpression of drug efflux pumps. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a drug efflux pump often found overexpressed in cases of acquired MDR. Nevertheless, there are no P-gp inhibitors being used in the current clinical practice, due to toxicity problems, drug interactions, or pharmacokinetic issues. Therefore, it is important to identify novel inhibitors of P-gp activity or expression. Curcumin is a secondary metabolite isolated from the turmeric of Curcuma longa L. which has been associated with several biological activities, particularly P-gp modulatory activity (by inhibiting both P-gp function and expression). However, curcumin shows extensive metabolism and instability, which has justified the recent and intensive search for analogs of curcumin that maintain the P-gp modulatory activity but have enhanced stability. This review summarizes and compares the effects of curcumin and several curcumin analogs on P-glycoprotein function and expression, emphasizing the potential of these molecules for the possible development of safe and effective inhibitors of P-gp to overcome MDR in human cancer. © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.The work of the author’s laboratories is funded by: project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000029, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); INNOVMAR-Innovation and Sustainability in the Management and Exploitation of Marine Resources, reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000035, Research Line NOVELMAR; FEDER-Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020-Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação in the framework of the project “Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences” (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274). The authors thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the Ph.D. grant of VLR (SFRH/BD/87646/2012)

Gold-decorated magnetic nanoparticles design for hyperthermia applications and as a potential platform for their surface-functionalization

The integration of noble metal and magnetic nanoparticles with controlled structures that can couple various specific effects to the different nanocomposite in multifunctional nanosystems have been found interesting in the field of medicine. In this work, we show synthesis route to prepare small Au nanoparticles of sizes &lt;d&gt; = 3.9 ± 0.2 nm attached to Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle cores (&lt;d&gt; = 49.2 ± 3.5 nm) in aqueous medium for potential application as a nano-heater. Remarkably, the resulted Au decorated PEI-Fe 3 O 4 (Au@PEI-Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles are able to retain bulk magnetic moment M S = 82–84 Am 2 /kg Fe3O4 , with the Verwey transition observed at T V = 98 K. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity analysis of the nanosystem microglial BV2 cells showed high viability (&gt;97.5%) to concentrate up to 100 µg/mL in comparison to the control samples. In vitro heating experiments on microglial BV2 cells under an ac magnetic field (H 0 = 23.87 kA/m; f = 571 kHz) yielded specific power absorption (SPA) values of SPA = 43 ± 3 and 49 ± 1 µW/cell for PEI-Fe 3 O 4 and Au@PEI-Fe 3 O 4 NPs, respectively. These similar intracellular SPA values imply that functionalization of the magnetic particles with Au did not change the heating efficiency, providing at the same time a more flexible platform for multifunctional functionalization

Declared Maternal Death And The Linkage Between Health Information Systems

Objective: To describe the characteristics of maternal mortality according to the Mortality Information System in relation to the data corresponding to these records that are in other systems. Methods: This was a descriptive study using two information systems on vital data and another on the hospital system, for the 26 state capitals and the Federal District of Brazil, in 2002. Initially, the maternal mortality ratios were calculated and information on declared maternal deaths were obtained. From these data, the Mortality Information System was probabilistically linked with the Live Birth Information System and the Hospital Information System, using the "Reclink II" software, with a multiple-step blocking strategy. For paired records, the diagnoses and hospital procedures brought together by the best-known criteria for severe maternal morbidity were detailed. Results: A total of 339 maternal deaths were recorded in 2002. The official and adjusted maternal mortality ratios were, respectively, 46.4 and 64.9 (deaths per 100,000 live births). By correlating with data from the live birth system, 46.5% of the maternal deaths could be located; and from the hospital information, 55.2%. The most frequent admission diagnosis was infection (13.9%) and the most frequent procedure was intensive care unit admission (39.0%). Conclusions: There were low percentage linkages between the records from the three sources studied. However, the possible failures and/or impossibilities in the linkages indicated may separately or jointly explain these low percentages.412181189AbouZahr, C., Wardlaw, T., (2003) Maternal mortality in 2000: Estimates developed by WHO, , Unicef and UNFPA. Geneva: WHO;Camargo Jr, K.R., Coeli, C.M., Reclink: Aplicativo para o relacionamento de bases de dados, implementando o método probabilistic record linkage (2000) Cad Saúde Pública, 16 (2), pp. 439-447Cecatti, J.G., Faúndes, A., Surita, F.C.C., Maternal mortality in Campinas: Evolution, under-registration and avoidance (1999) São Paulo Med J, 117 (1), pp. 5-12Coeli, C.M., Camargo Jr, K.R., Avaliação de diferentes estratégias de blocagem no relacionamento probabilístico de registros (2002) Rev Bras Epidemiol, 5 (2), pp. 185-196Coeli, C.M., Costa, M.C.E., Almeida, L.M., Probabilistic linkage in household survey on hospital care usage (2003) Rev Saúde Pública, 37 (1), pp. 91-99Fleiss, J.L., (1981) Statistical methods for rates and proportions, , 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons;Jaro, M.A., Advances in record-linkage methodology as applied to matching the 1985 Census of Tampa, Florida (1989) J Am Stat Assoc, 84, pp. 414-420Laurenti, R., Mello-Jorge, M.H.P., Gotlieb, S.L.D., Reflexões sobre a mensuração da mortalidade materna (2000) Cad Saúde Pública, 16 (1), pp. 23-30Laurenti, R., Mello-Jorge, M.H.P., Gotlieb, S.L.D., A mortalidade materna nas capitais brasileiras: Algumas características e estimativa de um fator de ajuste (2004) Rev Bras Epidemiol, 7 (4), pp. 449-460Machado, C.J., Hill, K., Probabilistic record linkage and an automated procedure to minimize the undecided-matched pair problem (2004) Cad Saúde Pública, 20 (4), pp. 915-925Mantel, G.D., Buchmann, E., Rees, H., Pattinson, R.C., Severe acute maternal morbidity: A pilot study of a definition for a near-miss (1998) Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 105 (9), pp. 985-990Royston, E., AbouZahr, C., Measuring maternal mortality (1992) Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 99, pp. 540-542Sousa, M.H., Cecatti, J.G., Hardy, H.E., Amaral, E., Souza, J.P.D., Serruya, S., Sistemas de informação em saúde e o monitoramento de morbidade materna grave e mortalidade materna (2006) Rev Bras Saúde Matern Infant, 6 (2), pp. 161-168Souza, J.P.D., Cecatti, J.G., Parpinelli, M.A., Sousa, M.H., Serruya, S., Revisão sistemática sobre morbidade materna near miss (2006) Cad Saúde Pública, 22 (2), pp. 255-264Theme Filha, M.M., Silva, R.I., Noronha, C.P., Mortalidade materna no município do Rio de Janeiro, 1993-1996 (1999) Cad Saúde Pública, 15 (2), pp. 397-403Waterstone, M., Bewley, S., Wolfe, C., Incidence and predictors of severe obstetric morbidity: Case-control study (2001) BMJ, 322 (7294), pp. 1089-1093(1999) Reduction of maternal mortality: A joint WHO/UNFPA/Unicef World Bank Statement, , World Health Organization, Geneva;(2004) Beyond the numbers: Reviewing maternal deaths and complications to make pregnancy safer, , World Health Organization, Geneva

Structural and magnetic properties of core-shell Au/Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles

We present a systematic study of core-shell Au/Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles produced by thermal decomposition under mild conditions. The morphology and crystal structure of the nanoparticles revealed the presence of Au core of d = (6.9 ± 1.0) nm surrounded by Fe 3 O 4 shell with a thickness of ~3.5 nm, epitaxially grown onto the Au core surface. The Au/Fe 3 O 4 core-shell structure was demonstrated by high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis. The magnetite shell grown on top of the Au nanoparticle displayed a thermal blocking state at temperatures below T B = 59 K and a relaxed state well above T B. Remarkably, an exchange bias effect was observed when cooling down the samples below room temperature under an external magnetic field. Moreover, the exchange bias field (H EX) started to appear at T~40 K and its value increased by decreasing the temperature. This effect has been assigned to the interaction of spins located in the magnetically disordered regions (in the inner and outer surface of the Fe 3 O 4 shell) and spins located in the ordered region of the Fe 3 O 4 shell

Renal lesions in deer (Cervus elaphus) - Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis involvelment

Renal lesions in deer (Cervus elaphus) - Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis involvelment

Granulomatous lesions and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in portuguese wild boars (Sus scrofa)

Granulomatous lesions and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in portuguese wild boars (Sus scrofa)

Modulation of autophagy by a thioxanthone decreases the viability of melanoma cells

(1) Background: Our previous studies unveiled the hit thioxanthone TXA1 as an inhibitor of,P-glycoprotein (drug efflux pump) and of human tumor cells growth, namely of melanoma cells. SinceTXA1 is structurally similar to lucanthone (an autophagy inhibitor and apoptosis inducer) and to N10-substituted phenoxazines (isosteres of thioxanthones, and autophagy inducers), this study aimed at further assessing its cytotoxic mechanism and evaluating its potential as an autophagy modulator in A375-C5 melanoma cells; (2) Methods: Flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI) for cell cycle profile analysis; Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI labeling and Western blot for apoptosis analysis were conducted. A pharmacophore approach was used for mapping TXA1 onto pharmacophores for autophagy induction. Autophagy analyses included transmission electron microscopy for visualization of autophagic structures, fluorescence microscopy for observation of monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, pattern of LC3 expression in the cells and acridine orange staining, and Western blot for autophagic proteins expression; (3) Results: TXA1 induced autophagy of melanoma cells at the GI50 concentration (3.6 μM) and apoptosis at twice that concentration. Following treatment with TXA1, autophagic structures were observed, together with the accumulation of autophagosomes and the formation of autophagolysosomes. An increase in LC3-II levels was also observed, which was reverted by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (an early stage autophagy-inhibitor) but further increased by E-64d/pepstatin (late-stage autophagy inhibitors). Finally, 3-MA also reverted the effect of TXA1 in cellular viability; (4) Conclusion: TXA1 decreases the viability of melanoma cells by modulation of autophagy and may, therefore, serve as a lead compound for the development of autophagy modulators with antitumor activity.This work was financed by FEDER—Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020—Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação in the framework of the project “Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274)”. The work was also funded by ERDF, COMPETE, and FCT under the projects PTDC/SAU-OSM/101437/2008, PTDC/MAR-BIO/4694/2014, and INNOVMAR—reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000035, Research Line NOVELMAR. The authors also thank: FCT for D. Sousa and R.T. Lima grants (PTDC/SAU-FCT/100930/2008 and SFRH/BPD/68787/2010, respectively), QREN for D. Sousa grant (NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000023)

Changes In Sexual Behavior Following A Sex Education Program In Brazilian Public Schoolsm [mudanças No Comportamento Sexual De Adolescentes De Escolas Públicas No Brasil Após Um Programa De Educação Sexual]

This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program is inserted within the context of reproductive rights, deals with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices and focuses on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre and post-tests and a non-equivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.25511681176(2006) Promoting and Safeguarding the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents, , World Health Organization, Geneva: World Health Organization, (Policy Brief, 4. Implementing the Global Reproductive Health Strategy)Ross, J., Godeau, E., Dias, S., Sexual health (2004) Young People's Health In Context: Health Behaviour In School-aged Children (hbsc) Study. International Report From the 2001/2002 Survey, pp. 153-60. , In: Currie C, Roberts C, Morgan A, Smith R, Settertobulte W, Samdal O, et al., editors, Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, (Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, 4)Kirby, D.B., Laris, B.A., Rolleri, L.A., Sex and HIV education programs: Their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world (2007) J Adolesc Health, 40, pp. 206-17Figueiró, N.M.D., A produção teórica no Brasil sobre educação sexual (1996) Cad Pesqui, (98), pp. 50-63Figueiró, N.M.D., Revendo a história da educação sexual no Brasil: Ponto de partida para construção de um novo rumo (1998) Nuances, 4, pp. 123-33(1998) Temas Transversais: Orientação Sexual, , Secretaria de Educação Fundamental, Ministério da Educação. Parâmetros curriculares nacionais, Brasília: Secretaria de Educação Fundamental, Ministério da EducaçãoPaiva, V., Pupo, L.R., Barboza, R., O direito à prevenção e os desafios da redução da vulnerabilidade ao HIV no Brasil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública, 40 (SUPPL.), pp. 109-19Hughes, J., McCauley, A.P., Improving the fit: Adolescents' needs and future programs for sexual and reproductive health in developing countries (1998) Stud Fam Plann, 29, pp. 233-45Díaz, M., Mello, M.B., Sousa, M.H., Cabral, F., Silva, R.C., Campos, M., Et al., Outcomes of three different models for sex education and citizenship programs concerning knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of Brazilian adolescents (2005) Cad Saúde Pública, 21, pp. 589-97(1999) Projeto Educação Afetivo-sexual: Sucessos E Desafios Na Educação Sexual De Adolescentes Da Rede Pública Estadual De Ensino De Belo Horizonte - Relatório Da Avaliação Externa, , Centro de Pesquisas em Saúde Reprodutiva de Campinas/Fundação Odebrecht, Campinas: Centro de Pesquisas em Saúde Reprodutiva de Campinas/Salvador: Fundação OdebrechtCosta, A.C.G., (2000) Protagonismo Juvenil: Adolescência, Educação E Participação Democrática, , Salvador: Fundação OdebrechtAndrade, H.H.S.M., Marques, C.M., Gouveia, M.C., Gregório, Y.M., Atendimento ambulatorial de adolescentes: A experiência do PAIA/ABEB (1996) J Pediatr (rio J), 72, pp. 319-23Cronbach, L.J., Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests (1951) Psychometrika, 16, pp. 297-334Mello, M.B., Fruet, M.S.B., Diaz, M., Silva, R.C., Paiva, V., Avaliação preliminar de impactos de um programa de orientação sexual de longa duração (1999) Anais Do Vii Congresso Brasileiro De Sexualidade Humana, p. 74. , Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos em Sexualidade HumanaFleiss, J.L., (1981) Statistical Methods For Rates and Proportions, , 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley and SonsBertrand, J.T., Magnani, R.J., Rutenberg, N., (1996) Evaluating Family Planning Programs: With Adaptations For Reproductive Health, , Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillHosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., (1989) Applied Logistic Regression, , New York: John Wiley and SonsGrunseit, A., Kippax, S., (1997) Impact of Hiv and Sexual Health Education On the Sexual Behaviour of Young People: A Review Update, , Geneva: United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDSKirby, D., (1995) A Review of Educational Programs to Designed to Reduce Sexual Risk-taking Behaviors Among School-aged Youth In the United States, , Santa Cruz: ETR AssociatesKirby, D., (2001) Emerging Answers: Research Findings On Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy, , Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen PregnancyAntunes, M.C., Peres, C.A., Paiva, V., Stall, R., Hearst, N., Diferenças na prevenção da AIDS entre homens e mulheres jovens de escolas públicas em São Paulo, SP (2002) Rev Saúde Pública, 36 (4 SUPPL.), pp. 88-95Magnani, R.J., Gaffikin, L., Aquino, E.M.L., Seiber, E.E., Almeida, M.C.C., Lipovsek, V., Impact of an integrated adolescent reproductive health program in Brazil (2001) Stud Fam Plann, 32, pp. 230-43Taquette, S.R., Vilhena, M.M., Paula, M.C., Doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e gênero: Um estudo transversal com adolescentes no Rio de Janeiro (2004) Cad Saúde Pública, 20, pp. 282-90Oliveira, F.A., Pfleger, V., Lang, K., Heukelbach, J., Miralles, I., Fraga, F., Sexually transmitted infections, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis in women of reproductive age in rural Northeast Brazil: A population-based study (2007) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 102, pp. 751-6(1999) Adolescentes, Jovens E a Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Demografia E Saúde: Um Estudo Sobre Fecundidade, Comportamento Sexual E Saúde Reprodutiva, , Bem-Estar Familiar no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro: Bem-Estar Familiar no BrasilAlmeida, M.C., Aquino, E.M., Barros, A.P., School trajectory and teenage pregnancy in three Brazilian state capitals (2006) Cad Saúde Pública, 22, pp. 1397-409Chalem, E., Mitsuhiro, S.S., Ferri, C.P., Barros, M.C.M., Guinsburg, R., Laranjeira, R., Gravidez na adolescência: Perfil sócio-demográfico e comportamental de uma população da periferia de São Paulo (2007) Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública, 23, pp. 177-86Baraldi, A.C.P., Daud, Z.P., Almeida, A.M., Gomes, F.A., Nakano, A.M.S., Adolescent pregnancy: A comparative study between mothers who use public and private health systems (2007) Rev Latinoam Enferm, 15, pp. 799-805. , (Spe

Factors Associated With Fragility Fractures In Women Over 50 Years Of Age: A Population-based Household Survey [fatores Associados A Fraturas Por Fragilidade óssea Em Mulheres Acima De 50 Anos De Idade: Um Estudo De Base Populacional]

Purpose: To analyze the prevalence of and factors associated with fragility fractures in Brazilian women aged 50 years and older. Methods: This cross-sectional population survey, conducted between May 10 and October 31, 2011, included 622 women aged ≥50 years living in a city in southeastern Brazil. A questionnaire was administered to each woman by a trained interviewer. The associations between the occurrence of a fragility fracture after age 50 years and sociodemographic data, health-related habits and problems, self-perception of health and evaluation of functional capacity were determined by the χ2 test and Poisson regression using the backward selection criteria. Results: The mean age of the 622 women was 64.1 years. The prevalence of fragility fractures was 10.8%, with 1.8% reporting hip fracture. In the final statistical model, a longer time since menopause (PR 1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.05; p&lt;0.01) and osteoporosis (PR 1.97; 95%CI 1.27-3.08; p&lt;0.01) were associated with a higher prevalence of fractures. Conclusion: These findings may provide a better understanding of the risk factors associated with fragility fractures in Brazilian women and emphasize the importance of performing bone densitometry.3511497502Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) [Internet]., , http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/resultados, Censo 2010: resultados [citado 2013 Fev 14]. Disponível emKanis, J.A., Odén, A., McCloskey, E.V., Johansson, H., Wahl, D.A., Cooper, C., A systematic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide (2012) Osteoporos Int., 23 (9), pp. 2239-2256Hughson, J., Newman, J., Pendleton, R.C., Hip fracture management for the hospital-based clinician: A review of the evidence and best practices (2011) Hosp Pract (1995)., 39 (1), pp. 52-61Auron-Gomez, M., Michota, F., Medical management of hip fracture (2008) Clin Geriatr Med., 24 (4), pp. 701-719+ixPinheiro, M.M., Ciconelli, R.M., Martini, L.A., Ferraz, M.B., Clinical risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in Brazilian women and men: The Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS) (2009) Osteoporos Int., 20 (3), pp. 399-408Siqueira, F.V., Facchini, L.A., Hallal, P.C., The burden of fractures in Brazil: A population-based study (2005) Bone., 37 (2), pp. 261-266Pinheiro, M.M., Reis Neto, E.T., McHado, F.S., Omura, F., Yang, J.H.K., Szejnfeld, J., Risk factors for osteoporotic fractures and low bone density in pre and postmenopausal women (2010) Rev Saúde Pública., 44 (3), pp. 479-485Kanis, J.A., Johnell, O., Oden, A., Johansson, H., McCloskey, E., FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK (2008) Osteoporos Int., 19 (4), pp. 385-397Pinheiro, M.M., Eis, S.R., Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures in Brazil: What we have and what we need (2010) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol., 54 (2), pp. 164-170FRAX: WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool [Internet]., , http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.aspx?country=55, Calculation tool [cited 2013 May 7]. Available fromLebrão, M.L., Duarte, Y.A.O., (2003) SABE-Saúde, bem-estar e envelhecimento-O projeto SABE no município de São Paulo: Uma abordagem inicial, , Brasília (DF): Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde(2008) Vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis por entrevistas telefônicas (VIGITEL)., , http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/167_Q2008.pdf, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde [Internet]. [citado 2013 Fev 14]. Disponível emGuralnik, J.M., Fried, L.P., Simonsick, E.M., Kasper, J.D., Lafferty, M.E., (1995) The women's health and aging study: Health and social characteristics of older women with disability., , editors. Bethesda: National Institute on Aging(NIH Pub. No. 95-4009)Altman, D.G., (1999) Practical statistics for medical research, , Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRCBarros, A.J.D., Hirakata, V.N., Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: An empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio (2003) BMC Med Res Methodol., 3, p. 21Baim, S., Leslie, W.D., Assessment of fracture risk (2012) Curr Osteoporos Rep., 10 (1), pp. 28-41(2010) Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, , National Osteoporosis Foundation. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis FoundationBaccaro, L.F., McHado, V.S.S., Costa-Paiva, L., Sousa, M.H., Osis, M.J., Pinto-Neto, A.M., Treatment for menopausal symptoms and having health insurance were associated with a lower prevalence of falls among Brazilian women (2013) Maturitas., 75 (4), pp. 367-372Baccaro, L.F., McHado, V.S.S., Costa-Paiva, L., Souza, M.H., Osis, M.J., Pinto-Neto, A.M., Factors associated with osteoporosis in Brazilian women: A population-based household survey (2013) Arch Osteoporos., 8 (1-2), p. 138Kärkkäinen, M., Rikkonen, T., Kröger, H., Sirola, J., Tuppurainen, M., Salovaara, K., Association between functional capacity tests and fractures: An eight-year prospective population-based cohort study (2008) Osteoporos Int., 19 (8), pp. 1203-1210Recker, R., Lappe, J., Davies, K., Heaney, R., Characterization of perimenopausal bone loss: A prospective study (2000) J Bone Miner Res., 15 (10), pp. 1965-1973Ohta, H., Sugimoto, I., Masuda, A., Komukai, S., Suda, Y., Makita, K., Decreased bone mineral density associated with early menopause progresses for at least ten years: Cross-sectional comparisons between early and normal menopausal women (1996) Bone., 18 (3), pp. 227-231Gerdhem, P., Obrant, K.J., Bone mineral density in old age: The influence of age at menarche and menopause (2004) J Bone Miner Metab., 22 (4), pp. 372-375Portaria no 1101/GM, 12 junho 2002, , http://dtr2001.saude.gov.br/sas/PORTARIAS/Port2002/Gm/GM-1101.htm, Brasil. 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