Investigating the effect of retained austenite on wear and fatigue behavior of AISI 8620 steel

Enhancing the operational life and reliability of drivetrain components via heat treatment routes is a long-studied topic of research. By varying parameters using heat treatment, the resulting attributes of the material such as hardness, residual stress, amount of retained austenite (RA), microstructure, grain size, grain orientation etc. can be varied. While the effect of hardness and residual stress on the resulting tribological properties of the steel is well known, the effect of RA is not as clearly understood yet. In this study, AISI 8620 steel samples were subjected to several heat treatment schemes using conventional and laser-based surface treatment routes to vary the amount of RA. The samples were subsequently used to conduct wear and rolling contact fatigue tests where samples are compelled to fail due to abrasive wear, micropitting, macropitting and white etching crack (WEC) formation. By conducting these systematic experiments, the effect of RA on those failure modes was elucidated using several surface based and microstructure based experimental techniques. It was observed that at higher contact pressures, a higher hardness and higher RA% result in superior wear resistance. This is attributed to the higher hardness resulting from the heat treatment route to generate higher RA% as well as martensitic transformation of austenite during sliding. Generated RA% due to laser treatment was higher at lower scanning velocity and with air and nitrogen as a shielding gas compared to argon but was limited to below 10%. Higher RA had significant effect on micropitting but less significant effect on macropitting since sub-surface cracks observed to have a compelling impact on macropitting life. Higher RA samples showed far more branching WEC networks, and the white etching area adjacent to the crack networks was less defined. The study establishes the role of RA on tribomechanical behavior in the context of other mechanical and microstructural phenomena as well as the correlation of behavior to heat treatment routes for preferred wear and fatigue life. Overall, the findings will provide valuable input for the design and manufacturing of drivetrain components for a wide range of applications ranging from agricultural equipment to the wind energy sectors

Regulation of gene expression in the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum

Les dinoflagellés sont des eucaryotes unicellulaires que l’on retrouve autant en eau douce qu’en milieu marin. Ils sont particulièrement connus pour causer des fleurs d’algues toxiques nommées ‘marée-rouge’, ainsi que pour leur symbiose avec les coraux et pour leur importante contribution à la fixation du carbone dans les océans. Au point de vue moléculaire, ils sont aussi connus pour leur caractéristiques nucléaires uniques, car on retrouve généralement une quantité immense d’ADN dans leurs chromosomes et ceux-ci sont empaquetés et condensés sous une forme cristalline liquide au lieu de nucléosomes. Les gènes encodés par le noyau sont souvent présents en multiples copies et arrangés en tandem et aucun élément de régulation transcriptionnelle, y compris la boite TATA, n’a encore été observé. L’organisation unique de la chromatine des dinoflagellés suggère que différentes stratégies sont nécessaires pour contrôler l’expression des gènes de ces organismes. Dans cette étude, j’ai abordé ce problème en utilisant le dinoflagellé photosynthétique Lingulodinium polyedrum comme modèle. L. polyedrum est d’un intérêt particulier, car il a plusieurs rythmes circadiens (journalier). À ce jour, toutes les études sur l’expression des gènes lors des changements circadiens ont démontrées une régulation à un niveau traductionnel. Pour mes recherches, j’ai utilisé les approches transcriptomique, protéomique et phosphoprotéomique ainsi que des études biochimiques pour donner un aperçu de la mécanique de la régulation des gènes des dinoflagellés, ceci en mettant l’accent sur l’importance de la phosphorylation du système circadien de L. polyedrum. L’absence des protéines histones et des nucléosomes est une particularité des dinoflagellés. En utilisant la technologie RNA-Seq, j’ai trouvé des séquences complètes encodant des histones et des enzymes modifiant les histones. L polyedrum exprime donc des séquences conservées codantes pour les histones, mais le niveau d’expression protéique est plus faible que les limites de détection par immunodétection de type Western. Les données de séquençage RNA-Seq ont également été utilisées pour générer un transcriptome, qui est une liste des gènes exprimés par L. polyedrum. Une recherche par homologie de séquences a d’abord été effectuée pour classifier les transcrits en diverses catégories (Gene Ontology; GO). Cette analyse a révélé une faible abondance des facteurs de transcription et une surprenante prédominance, parmi ceux-ci, des séquences à domaine Cold Shock. Chez L. polyedrum, plusieurs gènes sont répétés en tandem. Un alignement des séquences obtenues par RNA-Seq avec les copies génomiques de gènes organisés en tandem a été réalisé pour examiner la présence de transcrits polycistroniques, une hypothèse formulée pour expliquer le manque d’élément promoteur dans la région intergénique de la séquence de ces gènes. Cette analyse a également démontré une très haute conservation des séquences codantes des gènes organisés en tandem. Le transcriptome a également été utilisé pour aider à l’identification de protéines après leur séquençage par spectrométrie de masse, et une fraction enrichie en phosphoprotéines a été déterminée comme particulièrement bien adapté aux approches d’analyse à haut débit. La comparaison des phosphoprotéomes provenant de deux périodes différentes de la journée a révélée qu’une grande partie des protéines pour lesquelles l’état de phosphorylation varie avec le temps est reliées aux catégories de liaison à l’ARN et de la traduction. Le transcriptome a aussi été utilisé pour définir le spectre des kinases présentes chez L. polyedrum, qui a ensuite été utilisé pour classifier les différents peptides phosphorylés qui sont potentiellement les cibles de ces kinases. Plusieurs peptides identifiés comme étant phosphorylés par la Casein Kinase 2 (CK2), une kinase connue pour être impliquée dans l’horloge circadienne des eucaryotes, proviennent de diverses protéines de liaison à l’ARN. Pour évaluer la possibilité que quelques-unes des multiples protéines à domaine Cold Shock identifiées dans le transcriptome puissent moduler l’expression des gènes de L. polyedrum, tel qu’observé chez plusieurs autres systèmes procaryotiques et eucaryotiques, la réponse des cellules à des températures froides a été examinée. Les températures froides ont permis d’induire rapidement un enkystement, condition dans laquelle ces cellules deviennent métaboliquement inactives afin de résister aux conditions environnementales défavorables. Les changements dans le profil des phosphoprotéines seraient le facteur majeur causant la formation de kystes. Les phosphosites prédits pour être phosphorylés par la CK2 sont la classe la plus fortement réduite dans les kystes, une découverte intéressante, car le rythme de la bioluminescence confirme que l’horloge a été arrêtée dans le kyste.Dinoflagellates are unicellular eukaryotes found in both marine and freshwater environments. They are best known for causing toxic blooms called ‘red-tides’, for their symbiosis with corals, and for their important contribution to carbon fixation in the ocean. On a more molecular level, they are also known for their unique nuclear characteristics, as they generally have huge amount of DNA found in chromosomes that are permanently condensed and packaged into liquid crystalline forms instead of nucleosomes. Nuclear-encoded genes are often present in multiple copies and arranged in tandem, and no putative promoter elements including the conserved TATA box, have yet been observed. The unique organization of dinoflagellate chromatin suggests different strategies may be required to regulate gene expression in these organisms. In this study, I have started to address this problem using the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum as a model. L. polyedrum is of particular interest because it shows a number of circadian (daily) rhythms. To date, all circadian changes in gene expression studied are regulated at a translational level. I have used transcriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic approaches along with biochemical studies to provide insight into the gene regulatory mechanisms in dinoflagellates, with particular emphasis on the importance of phosphorylation in the L. polyedrum circadian system. The absence of histone proteins and nucleosomes is a hallmark of the dinoflagellates. Using high throughput RNA-seq technology, I found complete set of sequences encoding the core histones as well as sequences encoding histone-modifying enzymes in L. polyedrum. Thus L. polyedrum expresses conserved histone transcripts, although levels of proteins are still below what can be detected using immunoblotting studies. Using the de novo assembly algorithm the RNA-seq data was used to generate a transcriptome. This transcriptome, a list of genes expressed by L. polyedrum, has been extensively characterized. First, homology based sequence searches were used to classify the transcripts in gene ontology (GO) categories, and this analysis revealed a reduced number of transcription factor types and a surprising predominance of sequences containing a cold shock domain. Alignments of reads from the RNA–seq to genomic copies of L. polyedrum tandem repeat sequences was performed to assess the possibility of polycistronic transcripts, a hypothesis proposed to explain the lack of promoter elements in the intergenic region of the tandem repeat gene sequences. This analysis also showed a surprisingly high conservation of tandemly repeated gene sequences. The transcriptome database was also used to fuel gene identification after protein sequencing by mass spectrometry, and a purified phosphoproteome fraction was found to be particularly amenable to high throughput approaches. A comparison of the phosphoproteome at two different times of day revealed that a major class of proteins whose phosphorylation state varied over time belonged to the RNA binding and translation GO category. The transcriptome was also used to define the spectrum of kinases present in L. polyedrum, which in turn was used to classify the different phosphorylated peptides as potential kinase targets. Predicted peptides of casein kinase 2 (CK2), a kinase known to be involved in the circadian clocks of other eukaryotes, were found to include many RNA binding proteins. To assess the possibility that some of the many cold shock domain proteins identified in the transcriptome might modulate gene expression in L. polyedrum, as has been observed in many other eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems, the cellular response to cold temperatures was examined. Cold temperatures were found to induce rapid encystment, a metabolically inactive cell type whose role is to combat unfavourable environmental conditions. Changes in phosphoproteome profile were found to be the major molecular correlates to cyst formation. Predicted CK2 phosphosites are the most highly reduced class of kinase targets, a finding of interest as measurements of the bioluminescence rhythm confirmed that the clock is stopped in cyst

Formation of Size and Density Controlled Nanostructures by Galvanic Displacement

Gold (Au) and copper (Cu)-based nanostructures are of great interest due to their applicability in various areas including catalysis, sensing and optoelectronics. Nanostructures synthesized by the galvanic displacement method often lead to non-uniform density and poor size distribution. Here, density and size-controlled synthesis of Au and Cu-based nanostructures was made possible by galvanic displacement with limited exposure to hydrofluoric (HF) acid and the use of surfactants like L-cysteine (L-Cys) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). An approach involving cyclic exposure to HF acid regulated the nanostructure density. Further, the use of surfactants generated monodisperse nanoparticles in the initial stages of the deposition with increased density. The characterization of Au and Cu-based nanostructures was performed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic measurements demonstrated an increase in the Raman intensity by two to three orders of magnitude for analyte molecules like Rhodamine 6G dye and paraoxon

CLICK-chemoproteomics and molecular dynamics simulation reveals pregnenolone targets and their binding conformations in Th2 cells

Pregnenolone (P5) is synthesized as the first bioactive steroid in the mitochondria from cholesterol. Clusters of differentiation 4 (CD4+) and Clusters of differentiation 8 (CD8+) immune cells synthesize P5 de novo; P5, in turn, play important role in immune homeostasis and regulation. However, P5’s biochemical mode of action in immune cells is still emerging. We envisage that revealing the complete spectrum of P5 target proteins in immune cells would have multifold applications, not only in basic understanding of steroids biochemistry in immune cells but also in developing new therapeutic applications. We employed a CLICK-enabled probe to capture P5-binding proteins in live T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cells. Subsequently, using high-throughput quantitative proteomics, we identified the P5 interactome in CD4+ Th2 cells. Our study revealed P5’s mode of action in CD4+ immune cells. We identified novel proteins from mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes to be the primary mediators of P5’s biochemistry in CD4+ and to concur with our earlier finding in CD8+ immune cells. Applying advanced computational algorithms and molecular simulations, we were able to generate near-native maps of P5–protein key molecular interactions. We showed bonds and interactions between key amino acids and P5, which revealed the importance of ionic bond, hydrophobic interactions, and water channels. We point out that our results can lead to designing of novel molecular therapeutics strategies

Guide for Orthotropic Steel Deck Level 1 Design

693JJ319D000020This Guide provides bridge engineers and owners with general information and typical details to help standardize orthotropic steel deck (OSD) bridge design/fabrication to make it more competitive. This document does not intend to set a national standard but to help inform the effort through reduced parametric variations. OSD bridges can be either closed- or open-rib systems, and this Guide begins with background information regarding OSD bridge design. General considerations with respect to OSD bridges are discussed, followed by specific instructions for closed- and open-rib systems including rib geometry, size, and fabrication methods. Suggestions for deck plate selection are provided followed by a discussion of wearing surface types and selection considerations. Lastly, suggestions for floorbeam/diaphragm design are provided. Throughout the document, short summaries on the performance of several in-service OSD bridges are provided

3D Heisenberg universality in the Van der Waals antiferromagnet NiPS3_3

Van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials are comprised of layers of atomically thin sheets, making them ideal platforms for studying magnetism at the two-dimensional (2D) limit. These materials are at the center of a host of novel types of experiments, however, there are notably few pathways to directly probe their magnetic structure. We report the magnetic order within a single crystal of NiPS$_3$ and show it can be accessed with resonant elastic X-ray diffraction along the edge of the vdW planes in a carefully grown crystal by detecting structurally forbidden resonant magnetic X-ray scattering. We find the magnetic order parameter has a critical exponent of $\beta\sim0.36$, indicating that the magnetism of these vdW crystals is more adequately characterized by the three-dimensional (3D) Heisenberg universality class. We verify these findings with first-principle density functional theory, Monte-Carlo simulations, and density matrix renormalization group calculations

A Full Suite of Histone and Histone Modifying Genes Are Transcribed in the Dinoflagellate Lingulodinium

BACKGROUND: Dinoflagellates typically lack histones and nucleosomes are not observed in DNA spreads. However, recent studies have shown the presence of core histone mRNA sequences scattered among different dinoflagellate species. To date, the presence of all components required for manufacturing and modifying nucleosomes in a single dinoflagellate species has not been confirmed. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: Analysis of a Lingulodinium transcriptome obtained by Illumina sequencing of mRNA shows several different copies of each of the four core histones as well as a suite of histone modifying enzymes and histone chaperone proteins. Phylogenetic analysis shows one of each Lingulodinium histone copies belongs to the dinoflagellate clade while the second is more divergent and does not share a common ancestor. All histone mRNAs are in low abundance (roughly 25 times lower than higher plants) and transcript levels do not vary over the cell cycle. We also tested Lingulodinium extracts for histone proteins using immunoblotting and LC-MS/MS, but were unable to confirm histone expression at the protein level. CONCLUSION: We show that all core histone sequences are present in the Lingulodinium transcriptome. The conservation of these sequences, even though histone protein accumulation remains below currently detectable levels, strongly suggests dinoflagellates possess histones