Overview of Infrastructure Charging, part 4, IMPROVERAIL Project Deliverable 9, “Improved Data Background to Support Current and Future Infrastructure Charging Systems”

Improverail aims are to further support the establishment of railway infrastructure management in accordance with Directive 91/440, as well as the new railway infrastructure directives, by developing the necessary tools for modelling the management of railway infrastructure; by evaluating improved methods for capacity and resources management, which allow the improvement of the Life Cycle Costs (LCC) calculating methods, including elements related to vehicle - infrastructure interaction and external costs; and by improving data background in support of charging for use of railway infrastructure. To achieve these objectives, Improverail is organised along 8 workpackages, with specific objectives, responding to the requirements of the task 2.2.1/10 of the 2nd call made in the 5th RTD Framework Programme in December 1999.This part is the task 7.1 (Review of infrastructure charging systems) to the workpackage 7 (Analysis of the relation between infrastructure cost variation and diversity of infrastructure charging systems).Before explaining the economic characteristics of railway and his basic pricing principles, authors must specify the objectives of railways infrastructure charging.principle of pricing ; rail infrastructure charging ; public service obligation ; rail charging practice ; Europe ; Improverail

Quelle mobilité en Chine en 2050 ?

En 2050, la Chine sera un pays développé, le PIB par habitant se situera entre celui du Japon et celui de la France de 2000. Quelle sera alors la mobilité des personnes et des marchandises ?D'après les simulations et des projections réalisées par le LET, et sous réserve des limites méthodologiques et de disponibilité des données statistiques, les quatre principales tendances sont les suivantes :•en interurbain, malgré de lourds investissements en infrastructures routières et une forte motorisation, les limites de capacité contraindront la mobilité des personnes ;•en urbain, même dans les scénarios les plus élevés, la mobilité d'une ville chinoise théorique se situerait en dessous des trois déplacements par jour et per capita. La part modale des transports collectifs atteindrait entre 25 % et 30 % ;•dans le domaine du transport aérien, il existera vraisemblablement un grand nombre de très grands aéroports, desservis par un chemin de fer suburbain et des trains rapides interurbains ;•pour poursuivre le développement de l'activité portuaire, la qualité de service ainsi que les infrastructures de transport pour les relations avec les zones d'approvisionnement et de desserte seront déterminantes.-------------------------------------------Cet article peut être téléchargé sur le site de l'éditeur : http://www.statistiques.equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/NS_CHINE_25-34_cle5c8a3f.pdf (lien consulté le 18.09.2008)Chine – modélisation à long terme – transport urbain – transport interubain – ports – aéroports – prospective – scénarios – Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) – Shanghai – Pékin – élasticités – tonnes.kilomètres – voyageurs.kilomètres – parc de véhicules – études 2050

Soporte magnético para la grabación y lectura de información, método de almacenamiento y lectura de información y su uso

Soporte magnético para la grabación y lectura de información, método de almacenamiento y lectura de información y su uso. El soporte magnético comprende un circuito magnético definido en una lámina delgada magnética con anisotropía uniaxial y un nanocomposite constituido por una red bidimensional de nanopozos asimétricos rellenos de otro material magnético de mayor coercitividad y/o anisotropía que la lámina delgada magnética. También es objeto de la invención un método de almacenamiento y lectura de información simultáneo mediante desplazamiento de paredes magnéticas y su uso en la encriptación de información. De aplicación en los sectores en los que se diseñen, produzcan o utilicen dispositivos magnéticos para el almacenamiento y lectura de información, como en los sectores de material y equipo eléctrico, electrónico y óptico, de informática, de tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación, de maquinaria y equipo mecánico, y de transportes y comunicaciones.Peer reviewedUniversidad de Oviedo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueA2 Solicitud de patente sin informe sobre el estado de la técnic

How fair is pricing perceived to be? An empirical study

Fairness, Attitudes, Allocation rules, Pricing, Empirical survey, Transport,

How fair is pricing perceived to be? An empirical study

ISSN: 0048-5829 (Print) - 1573-7101 (Online)International audienceThe perceived fairness of different rules for allocating scarce resources is analysed in two cases: seats on a high speed train and parking spaces in a company car park. Attitudes toward allocation rules depend on context. They vary according to: the educational level of respondents; the type of "good"; and the exceptional or recurring nature of scarcity. Peak pricing, administrative and lottery rules are seen as the most unfair, together with queuing in some cases. The moral rule is considered to be the fairest one, except by more educated people who prefer the compensation rule

Péage urbain et (in)justice perçue : un obstacle à l'expérimentation en France ?

Urban Toll and (un)Fairness: an Obstacle to an Experimentation in France? - With an attitude survey in Lyon, we test different principles of rationing car traffic by prices (road toll) or by quantities (odd numbers or reduced day of travelling). Rationing by price or by quantity is strongly perceived as unfair by responders. Attitudes towards tolls justified by the pollution caused by automobile traffic are less negative. On the compensation side, car-pooling should have free toll. Support for a reduced rate for low-income users means an equity position we have to answer.Dans une enquête d'attitudes réalisée à Lyon, nous testons différents principes de rationnement de la circulation automobile par les prix (péage routier) ou par les quantités (plaques paires / impaires ou limitation des jours de circulation). Le rationnement par les prix ou par les quantités est massivement jugé injuste par les enquêtés. L'attitude envers la justification du péage par la pollution du trafic automobile est moins négative. Concernant la compensation, le covoiturage devrait bénéficier d'une exemption du péage. Le soutien en faveur d'un tarif réduit pour les usagers à bas revenus témoigne d'un souci d'équité auquel il faudra répondre

On the perceived justice of urban road pricing: An empirical study in Lyon

International audienceVarious methods of restricting automobile traffic, by price (tolls) or by quantity (odd/even license plates or limited days of traffic), are tested in a survey (N ∼ 400) about attitudes toward traffic restrictions in Lyon, France. Ordered probit models with random-effects panel allow us to estimate the survey respondents' perceptions of these methods, as well as the roles of individual socio-demographic characteristics in the formation of these perceptions. Both the restriction of automobile traffic and its regulation by congestion (waiting in line) are widely considered unjust by the respondents, regardless of whether they work and whether they are drivers or non-drivers. Their attitudes towards tolls justified by the pollution caused by automobile traffic are less negative. As regards compensation, in addition to emergency vehicles and those that transport people with limited mobility, respondents believe car-pooling ought to benefit of a toll exemption. The support for a reduced rate for low-income users shows a concern for justice to which it will be necessary to respond. The respondents' socio-professional status, level of education, car use or non-use, and residence inside or outside of the toll zone clearly play a role in their perceptions of these methods of regulation and compensation

On the perceived justice of urban road pricing: An empirical study in Lyon

International audienceVarious methods of restricting automobile traffic, by price (tolls) or by quantity (odd/even license plates or limited days of traffic), are tested in a survey (N ∼ 400) about attitudes toward traffic restrictions in Lyon, France. Ordered probit models with random-effects panel allow us to estimate the survey respondents' perceptions of these methods, as well as the roles of individual socio-demographic characteristics in the formation of these perceptions. Both the restriction of automobile traffic and its regulation by congestion (waiting in line) are widely considered unjust by the respondents, regardless of whether they work and whether they are drivers or non-drivers. Their attitudes towards tolls justified by the pollution caused by automobile traffic are less negative. As regards compensation, in addition to emergency vehicles and those that transport people with limited mobility, respondents believe car-pooling ought to benefit of a toll exemption. The support for a reduced rate for low-income users shows a concern for justice to which it will be necessary to respond. The respondents' socio-professional status, level of education, car use or non-use, and residence inside or outside of the toll zone clearly play a role in their perceptions of these methods of regulation and compensation

Probing the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect at the nanoscale

Special issue of physica status solidi (a) containing a compilation of contributions representing the main topics covered at the seventh Trends in Nanotechnology (TNT2006) International Conference, held in Grenoble (France), 4-8 September 2006.This article presents a theoretical formalism for a magneto-optical scanning near-field microscope (MO-SNOM) in the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect configuration. Polarized light emitted by a nanosource is scattered by the magnetic object towards the detector. The nanosource is modelled as a circular aperture in an infinitely thin, perfectly conducting screen following the Bethe-Bouwkamp model. The theorem of reciprocity is used for calculating the detected signal in a constant-height scanning mode for a Co thin film pattern. Two magnetic distributions are investigated: the single domain and the Bloch wall

Elliptic grids, rational functions, and the Pad\'e interpolation

International audienceProcedures are now available for the exploitation of protoplast technology for the genetic manipu- lation of lettuce and for studies of lettuce/virus interactions. These techniques have made it possible to overcome interspecific barriers by protoplast fusion. Following the procedures we developed, we were able to obtain hybrids between Lactuca sativa and two wild Lactuca species (L. tatarica and L. perennis). Moreover, protoplast technology can overcome some of the limitations in the application of mutation techniques in crops. In this paper, we demonstrated the feasibility and the power of our in vitro techni- ques, in combination with induced mutations, for creating new variability in lettuce. Furthermore, we adapted protocols that can provide the opportunity to start studies on mechanisms associated with the different LMV-resistance genes at the cellular level. It is presently possible to obtain protoplasts from different Lactuca species containing different resistance genes. A protocol for specific staining by immu- nofluorescence of infected lettuce protoplasts is described and preliminary electroporation experiments in some Lactuca protoplasts were performed