Francisco Moreno y escanden reformador de los estudios superiores en Santa Fe de Bogotá.

Para entender este primer plan de estudios y creación de universidad pública, que propuso el fiscal Moreno y Escandan para Santafé, debemos puntualizar que el período de 1768 a 1 789 es especialmente representativo por la ofensiva del sector civil en plantear nuevos planes de estudio1 El entorno histórico es el del gobierno de Carlos ¡II quien con un equipo de asesores ilustrados puso las bases de la modernización del país desde todos los ángulos posibles. Así, por ejemplo, en el campo de la educación frente a la enseñanza metafísica de la Contemplación se impulsó el estudio de las ciencias naturales con sus métodos de observación y experimentación científica. Estas reformas educativas se impulsaron no sólo en la península- sino también en la América colonial españolad En efecto, se presentaron nuevos planes de estudio con la finalidad de reformar, en especial, la enseñanza superior4 En esta ponencia nos centraremos en la propuesta del fiscal Moreno y Escandan- quien desde 1768 y tras una larga polémica con los dominicos logra que su propuesta se apruebe en la Junta de Temporalidades con el apoyo del Cabildo de Santafé, en I 774, y se desarrolle hasta I 779 cuando es derogada por un nuevo plan de estudios de tipo escol('ísüco

Polémicas de los catedráticos universitarios en Santa Fé de Bogotá (Siglo XVIII)

Los catedráticos de los estudios superiores en la ciudad de Santa Fe se caracterizaron por ser ex-alumnos de la institución educativa de lo más selecto de la élite criolla, hecho que se garantizaba por el sistema de informaciones que habían realizado cuando ingresaron en la institución. El primer intento de reglamentar la profesión docente bajo el control estatal en el virreineto de la Nueva Granada se inicia con el plan de estudios del fiscal Francisco Moreno y Escandón. Por otra parte, un c..

Francisco Antonio Zea: periodista, botánico y político

This work analyzes the journalistic facet of Francisco Antonio Zea, whose first article, «Avisos de Hebephilo», was published in 1791 in the Papel Periódico de la ciudad de Santa Fé de Bogotá. His interest for the press shows at his stage of student in the National Institute of France, but won't be up to 1803, at his return to Madrid, when he proves his talent for the organization and journalistic administration on The Mercury and on the Gazette de Madrid. Later on, being manager of the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid, he shares the management of the Semanario de Agricultura y Artes, and, finally, in 1818 establishes and directs the Venezuelan Correo del Orinoco.<br><br>Este trabajo analiza la faceta periodística de Francisco Antonio Zea, cuyo primer artículo, «Avisos de Hebephilo», se publicó en 1791 en el <i>Papel Periódico de la ciudad de Santa Fé de Bogota</i>. Su interés por la prensa se manifiesta en su etapa de estudiante en el Instituto Nacional de Francia, pero no será hasta 1803, a su regreso a Madrid, cuando evidencie sus dotes para la organización y dirección periodísticas en <i>El Mercurio</i> y en la <i>Gaceta de Madrid</i>. Posteriormente, siendo director del Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, comparte la dirección del <i>Semanario de Agricultura y Artes</i>, y, finalmente, en 1818 funda y dirige el venezolano <i>Correo del Orinoco</i>

La ciencia de la historia entre el positivismo y el idealismo en la universidad de Valencia (1918-1930)

La ciencia de la historia en España, en el primer tercio del siglo XX

Global patterns and drivers of ecosystem functioning in rivers and riparian zones

Abstract River ecosystems receive and process vast quantities of terrestrial organic carbon, the fate of which depends strongly on microbial activity. Variation in and controls of processing rates, however, are poorly characterized at the global scale. In response, we used a peer-sourced research network and a highly standardized carbon processing assay to conduct a global-scale field experiment in greater than 1000 river and riparian sites. We found that Earth’s biomes have distinct carbon processing signatures. Slow processing is evident across latitudes, whereas rapid rates are restricted to lower latitudes. Both the mean rate and variability decline with latitude, suggesting temperature constraints toward the poles and greater roles for other environmental drivers (e.g., nutrient loading) toward the equator. These results and data set the stage for unprecedented “next-generation biomonitoring” by establishing baselines to help quantify environmental impacts to the functioning of ecosystems at a global scale

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care