Homomeric GluA2(R) AMPA receptors can conduct when desensitized

Desensitization is a canonical property of ligand-gated ion channels, causing progressive current decline in the continued presence of agonist. AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), which mediate fast excitatory signaling throughout the brain, exhibit profound desensitization. Recent cryo-EM studies of AMPAR assemblies show their ion channels to be closed in the desensitized state. Here we present evidence that homomeric Q/R-edited AMPARs still allow ions to flow when the receptors are desensitized. GluA2(R) expressed alone, or with auxiliary subunits (γ-2, γ-8 or GSG1L), generates large fractional steady-state currents and anomalous current-variance relationships. Our results from fluctuation analysis, single-channel recording, and kinetic modeling, suggest that the steady-state current is mediated predominantly by conducting desensitized receptors. When combined with crystallography this unique functional readout of a hitherto silent state enabled us to examine cross-linked cysteine mutants to probe the conformation of the desensitized ligand binding domain of functioning AMPAR complexes

Competencias laborales en enfermería: realidad y retos en el contexto de covid 19

The objective of this research was to analyze and identify the key aspects involved in nursing management, especially the elements that generate limitations in its management and challenges for optimal application in the context of the COVID - 19 pandemic. Several approaches have been considered, which allow to observe with greater precision the state in which the nursing staff performs, recognizing the agents involved and the performance obtained. The methodology applied for the elaboration of the study was the systematic review of indexed scientific literature obtained from scientific portals such as Redalyc, Scielo, Ebsco, Elsevier and Scopus. Once the articles related to the research variables were obtained, the filtering was carried out according to the exclusion and inclusion criteria, among these it was noted that the articles should be within the time interval corresponding to 2015 and 2021, also, these should be directly related to the study variables, so that 15 articles were finally considered and were analyzed and used as a basis for the development of the research, discussion and conclusions.En la elaboración de la presente investigación se tuvo como objetivo analizar e identificar los aspectos clave que intervienen en la gestión de enfermería, especialmente los elementos que generen limitaciones en su gestión y retos para la aplicación óptima en el contexto situado por la pandemia del COVID – 19. Se han considerado diversos enfoques, que permitan observar con mayor precisión el estado en el cual se desempeña el personal de enfermería, reconociendo los agentes que intervienen y el desempeño obtenido. La metodología aplicada para la elaboración del estudio fue la revisión sistemática de literatura científica indexada obtenida de portales científicos como Redalyc, Scielo, Ebsco, Elsevier y Scopus. Una vez obtenido los artículos relacionados a las variables de investigación, se procedió a realizar el filtrado de acuerdo a los criterios de exclusión e inclusión, entre estos se señaló que los artículos deben encontrarse dentro del intervalo de tiempo correspondiente al 2015 y 2021, asimismo, estos debieron estar relacionados directamente a las variables de estudio, de tal manera que se consideraron finalmente 15 artículos que fueron analizados y empleados como base para el desarrollo de la investigación, discusión y conclusiones

Gestión del conocimiento en la administración pública

In Perú, the public administration does not have a solid knowledge management system, which helps to provide an efficient public service. Therefore, this research has collected a series of studies that highlight the importance of the implementation of knowledge management in both the private and public sectors, with the aim of highlighting the benefits that knowledge can generate in order to achieve optimal performance of public institutions; an effect of incorporating it as a fundamental asset that produces a positive impact on public administration; promote the construction of an institutional culture that promotes the transfer of knowledge between servers, encouraging good performance that guarantees correct and innovative decision-making, in order to provide efficient services that contribute to the integral development of society.En el Perú, la administración pública no cuenta con un sistema sólido de gestión del conocimiento, que coadyuve a brindar un servicio público eficiente. Por ello, la presente investigación ha recogido una serie de estudios que remarcan la importancia de la implementación de la gestión del conocimiento tanto en el sector privado como en el sector público, con el objetivo de resaltar los beneficios que puede generar el conocimiento en miras de conseguir un óptimo desempeño de las instituciones públicas; a efecto de incorporarlo como un activo fundamental que genere un impacto positivo en la administración pública; asimismo, fomentar la construcción de una cultura institucional que promueva la transferencia de conocimientos entre los servidores, motivando el buen desempeño que garantice la toma de decisiones correctas e innovadoras, a fin de brindar servicios eficientes que contribuyan al desarrollo integral de la sociedad

Normas que vulneran el desarrollo urbano de nuestras ciudades

This study carries out the documentary and historical analysis of several countries, compares theories and similar studies that show the consequences of urban expansion as a result of the population increase, specifically in Peru. Theoretically, the urban development process should be carried out respecting the guidelines established in the management instruments and public policies. Fact that does not occur and that is aggravated by the negative impacts on the environment and the soil, resulting in the poor quality of life of Peruvians and the lack of urban sustainability. This research analyzes the problem in relation to the number of norms and laws that are issued from the Peruvian State: legislative power, executive power, regional and local governments, among others. The organic law of each government agency grants functions that allow it to develop specific norms that, in most cases, violate the existing norms on national strategic planning that are not elaborated in a transversal and multisectoral manner, on the contrary, in many cases they are they contravene and in others they overlap. Currently, there are very few urban plans and the few that exist do not consider the technical aspects required for their effectiveness and the scarce citizen participation.Este estudio realiza el análisis documental e histórico, de varios países, compara teorías y estudios similares que muestran las consecuencias de la expansión urbana como resultado del incremento poblacional, específicamente en el Perú. Teóricamente, el proceso de desarrollo urbano debe realizarse respetando los lineamientos establecidos en los instrumentos de gestión y políticas públicas. Hecho que no ocurre y que se agrava con los impactos negativos al ambiente y al suelo, redundando en la mala calidad de vida de los peruanos y en la falta de sostenibilidad urbana. Esta investigación analiza la problemática frente a la cantidad de normas y leyes que se emiten desde el Estado peruano: poder legislativo, poder ejecutivo, gobiernos regionales y locales entre otros. La ley orgánica de cada organismo gubernamental otorga funciones que le permiten elaborar normas específicas que, en la mayoría de los casos vulneran las normas existentes sobre el planeamiento estratégico nacional que no son elaboradas de manera transversal y multisectorial, por el contrario, en muchos casos se contravienen y en otros se superponen. Actualmente, existen muy pocos planes urbanos y los pocos que existen, no consideran los aspectos técnicos requeridos para su efectividad y la escaza participación ciudadana

Interés público y constitución giratoria

Public policies must start from compliance with the constitutional charter. In its Public policies must start from compliance with the constitutional charter. In its article 65, from 1993 it establishes the consumer protection guarantee. However, in flagrant contradiction and evident discrimination, the last paragraph of Article 62, grants guarantees and assurances, only for a certain type of contract, the law-contracts. Guarantees can be established and guarantees can be granted and cannot be legislatively modified. They are constitutionally protected. This, when colliding with articles 1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.14 and 59 of the same instrument, evidently produces a conflict in the constitutional structure. Is it possible to formulate public policies, based on an unconstitutional constitution ? In Perú, yes. We have been doing it with law contracts for 28 years. We are facing a revolving constitution.Las políticas públicas, deben de partir del cumplimiento a la carta constitucional. En su artículo 65°, desde 1993 establece la garantía de Protección al consumidor. Sin embargo, en flagrante contradicción y evidente discriminación, el último párrafo del Artículo 62°, otorga garantías y seguridades, solo para un determinado tipo de contrato, los contratos-ley. Se puede establecer garantías y otorgar seguridades y no pueden ser modificados legislativamente. Están protegidos constitucionalmente. Esto, al colisionar con los artículos 1°, 2.1°, 2.2°, 2.14° y 59° del mismo instrumento, evidentemente produce un conflicto en la estructura constitucional. ¿Es posible formular políticas públicas, en base a una constitución inconstitucional? En el Perú, sí. Lo venimos haciendo con los contratos ley, desde hace 28 años. Estamos ante una constitución giratoria

Association of Trypanosoma vivax in extracellular sites with central nervous system lesions and changes in cerebrospinal fluid in experimentally infected goats

Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anatomical and histopathological central nervous system (CNS) lesions were evaluated, and the presence of Trypanosoma vivax in CNS tissues was investigated through PCR. Twelve adult male goats were divided into three groups (G): G1, infected with T. vivax and evaluated during the acute phase; G2, infected goats evaluated during the chronic phase; and G3, consisting of non-infected goats. Each goat from G1 and G2 was infected with 1.25 × 105 trypomastigotes. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and investigation of T. vivax was performed at the 15th day post-infection (dpi) in G1 goats and on the fifth day after the manifestation of nervous system infection signs in G2 goats. All goats were necropsied, and CNS fragments from G1 and G2 goats were evaluated by PCR for the determination of T. vivax. Hyperthermia, anemia and parasitemia were observed from the fifth dpi for G1 and G2, with the highest parasitemia peak between the seventh and 21st dpi. Nervous system infection signs were observed in three G2 goats between the 30th and 35th dpi. CSF analysis revealed the presence of T. vivax for G2. Meningitis and meningoencephalitis were diagnosed in G2. PCR were positive for T. vivax in all the samples tested. In conclusion, T. vivax may reach the nervous tissue resulting in immune response from the host, which is the cause of progressive clinical and pathological manifestations of the CNS in experimentally infected goats

Development of efficient recirculation system for Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture using low cost materials

In the current experiment, a recirculation system was built using low cost materials that are available locally and its performance was tested. The performance evaluation procedure was carried out in an aquaculture system in greenhouse with sex-reversed male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production in Querétaro State, Mexico. The recirculation system had four sections (sediment collector, gravel and sand filters, biofilter and clarification) in order to eliminate the organic matter produced by the fish excretion material and uneaten food, as well as, the nitrogenous compounds undesirable in the water tanks, such as, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The monitored variables include: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, visibility, TAN, nitrites and nitrates. The obtained data were compared with previous studies to evaluate the achieved state of the system. This research clearly demonstrated that it is feasible to use the proposed configuration in aquaculture systems in areas where water source is limited. Consequently, the obtained results represent an environmental standpoint for the conservation of water use in the aquaculture industry and also constitute an important contribution to the aquaculture and farmers who receive minimal economic support.Key words: Water recirculation, aquaculture, sustainability, low cost, water use efficiency

Intestinal parasitosis and anemia in children 6 to 60 months of age treated in the period 2015 to 2020, in a health center in the Highlands of Peru

Objetivo: Evaluar la anemia y la parasitosis en niños de 6 a 60 meses de edad, atendidos en un Centro de Salud Alto andina de Perú, durante periodo 2015 al 2020. Método: El estudio fue descriptivo – retrospectivo, se aplicó el método científico, con un diseño no experimental, la población y la muestra fueron compuestos por 1097 niños atendidos en el Centro de Salud de Ascensión, durante los años 2015 al 2020, se incluyó todo niño que padezca anemia y/o parasitosis. Resultado:  515 niñas que componen un 46.9%, y 582 niños que componen 53.1 % padecen de anemia, de los cuales el 83% padecen anemia leve, y un 17 % padecen de anemia moderada; en cuanto a género 83,7% niñas y 82,3% niños presentan anemia, en relación a edad   los de  6 a 12 mes   presentaron anemia  leve en un 37.5%  y moderado 48.1% ; Por otro lado de un total de 240 niños, un 53.3 % fueron niñas y un 46.7 fueron niños que padecen parasitosis intestinal. Conclusión:  En las zonas alto andinas de Perú, de niños y niñas que presentan anemia, predomina la anemia leve, así mismo este problema de salud no diferencia en su afección al género; en relación a la edad predomina de 6 a 12 meses con anemia leve y moderado. Por otro lado, se evidencia un porcentaje considerable de parasitosis intestinal, de igual forma esta enfermedad en cuanto al género no diferencia; sin embargo en cuanto a la edad se evidencia   mayor parasitosis intestinal en niños y niñas de 24, 36 y 60 meses; lo que implica que la parasitosis intestinal no necesariamente es un factor predominante para la anemia.Objective: To evaluate anemia and parasitosis in children from 6 to 60 months of age, attended in a Peruvian High Andean Health Center, during the period 2015 to 2020. Method: The study was descriptive - retrospective, the scientific method was applied, with a non-experimental design, the population and the sample were composed of 1097 children attended at the Ascension Health Center, during the years 2015 to 2020, all children suffering from anemia and/or parasitosis were included. Result: 515 girls comprising 46.9%, and 582 boys comprising 53.1% suffer from anemia, of which 83% suffer from mild anemia, and 17% suffer from moderate anemia; in terms of gender 83.7% girls and 82.3% boys present anemia, in relation to age those from 6 to 12 months presented mild anemia in 37. On the other hand, out of a total of 240 children, 53.3% were girls and 46.7% were boys suffering from intestinal parasitosis. Conclusion: In the high Andean zones of Peru, children with anemia are predominantly mildly anemic, and this health problem does not differentiate between genders; in relation to age, children between 6 and 12 months are predominantly mildly and moderately anemic. On the other hand, there is a considerable percentage of intestinal parasitosis, likewise this disease does not differentiate by gender; however, in terms of age, there is more intestinal parasitosis in children aged 24, 36 and 60 months, which implies that intestinal parasitosis is not necessarily a predominant factor for anemi

Administrative management in the public education sector: limitations and challenges in the context of teleworking

El desarrollo de la presente investigación tiene como finalidad identificar y analizar las incidencias que se originan en la aplicación de la gestión de educación pública bajo la modalidad de teletrabajo, a fin de definir las limitaciones y retos que las organizaciones asociadas al sector educativo tienen que afrontar. Se han examinado diversas perspectivas que permiten reconocer con mayor precisión el contexto en el cual se desarrolla, las problemáticas existentes, los agentes que intervienen de manera interna y externa, y el desempeño de sus funcionarios. La metodología empleada fue la revisión sistemática de literatura científica y académica indexada recopilada a través de portales científicos como Redalyc, Ebsco, Scielo, Elsevier y Scopus. Posterior a la compilación de la información, se procedió a realizar el filtrado de información a través de los criterios de exclusión, donde se seleccionaron artículos pertenecientes al intervalo temporario correspondiente al 2015 – 2021, obteniendo como resultado 15 artículos que se analizaron individualmente, los que permitieron la elaboración de la investigación y sirvieron como antecedentes para generar la discusión y las conclusiones.The development of the research aimed to analyze and establish the elements that influence the implementation of public education management in the modality of teleworking, identifying the limitations and challenges that organizations have to face in the education sector. Several perspectives have been analyzed that have allowed to recognize with greater precision the context in which it is developed, the existing problems, the agents that intervene internally and externally, and the performance of the employees. The methodology used was the systematic review of indexed scientific and academic literature collected through scientific portals such as Redalyc, Ebsco, Scilo, Elsevier and Scopus. After the collection of information, the information was filtered through the exclusion criteria, where articles belonging to the temporary interval corresponding to 2015 - 2021 were selected, resulting in 15 articles that were analyzed individually, allowed the elaboration of the research and served as background to obtain the discussion and conclusions.&nbsp

Neural correlates of audiovisual motion capture

Visual motion can affect the perceived direction of auditory motion (i.e., audiovisual motion capture). It is debated, though, whether this effect occurs at perceptual or decisional stages. Here, we examined the neural consequences of audiovisual motion capture using the mismatch negativity (MMN), an event-related brain potential reflecting pre-attentive auditory deviance detection. In an auditory-only condition occasional changes in the direction of a moving sound (deviant) elicited an MMN starting around 150 ms. In an audiovisual condition, auditory standards and deviants were synchronized with a visual stimulus that moved in the same direction as the auditory standards. These audiovisual deviants did not evoke an MMN, indicating that visual motion reduced the perceptual difference between sound motion of standards and deviants. The inhibition of the MMN by visual motion provides evidence that auditory and visual motion signals are integrated at early sensory processing stages