Thermoelectric Power in Bismuth Single Crystals in the Neighborhood of the Melting Point

The thermoelectric power is determined directly and studied as a function of temperature for a range extending from several degrees below the melting point to a temperature well above the melting point. A transition region exists for about ten degrees above the melting point. This is taken as a definite indication of the persistence of a marked crystalline arrangement in the liquid near its freezing point

The Preparation of Dibromoamine and its Reaction with Grignard Reagents

Dibromoamine was prepared by passing dry ammonia into a cold ethereal solution of bromine. The reaction may be represented by the equation: 3 NH3 + 2 Br2 → NHBr2 + 2 NH4Br. A study of the decomposition rates of the dibromoamine solution at 0° and -72° shows that the product decomposes very rapidly at 0°, but it is relatively stable at the lower temperature. Dibromoamine reacts with Grignard reagents to produce primary amines, secondary amines, ammonia, and nitrogen. The percentage yields of these products obtained in two typical reactions were as follows: for n-butyl magnesium chloride; n-butylamine 7.8 per cent, di-n-butylamine 2.2 per cent, ammonia 79.0 per cent, nitrogen 5.9 per cent; for benzyl magnesium chloride; benzylamine 29.6 per cent, dibenzylamine 5.5 per cent, ammonia 42.8 per cent, nitrogen 4.7 per cent

Global public policy, transnational policy communities, and their networks

Public policy has been a prisoner of the word "state." Yet, the state is reconfigured by globalization. Through "global public–private partnerships" and "transnational executive networks," new forms of authority are emerging through global and regional policy processes that coexist alongside nation-state policy processes. Accordingly, this article asks what is "global public policy"? The first part of the article identifies new public spaces where global policies occur. These spaces are multiple in character and variety and will be collectively referred to as the "global agora." The second section adapts the conventional policy cycle heuristic by conceptually stretching it to the global and regional levels to reveal the higher degree of pluralization of actors and multiple-authority structures than is the case at national levels. The third section asks: who is involved in the delivery of global public policy? The focus is on transnational policy communities. The global agora is a public space of policymaking and administration, although it is one where authority is more diffuse, decision making is dispersed and sovereignty muddled. Trapped by methodological nationalism and an intellectual agoraphobia of globalization, public policy scholars have yet to examine fully global policy processes and new managerial modes of transnational public administration

Global Development and Climate Change: A Game Theory Approach

The increasing concern with climate change is one of the main issues of our time, and thus we aim to theoretically and mathematically analyse its causes. However our approach follows a different stream of thought, presenting the reasoning and decision-making processes between technical and moral solutions. We have resorted to game theory models in order to demonstrate cooperative and non-cooperative scenarios, ranging from the traditional to the evolutionary within game theory. In doing so we are able to glimpse the development of modern society and a paradigm shift regarding human control over nature and to what extent it is harmful to the sustainability of our environment and the survival of future generations. Merging different fields of knowledge, we present a theoretical-philosophical approach, combined with empirical-mathematical solutions taking into account the agent-based behaviour guided blindly by instrumental rationality

Global Climate Change and the Futility of the Kyoto Process

This article assesses continuing international efforts to establish an international regime to limit global climate change based on the Kyoto Protocol of 1997. It is highly unlikely that enough states will ratify the protocol for it to enter into force. Even if it does come into force, few of the developed countries are positioned to comply with their commitments to reduce or limit emissions of greenhouse gases by the target years 2008 to 2012. Furthermore, the Kyoto-man-dated reductions will at best be a first step toward the emission reductions needed to stabilize concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Among the reasons for the failure of the Kyoto process are the indeterminancy of the science of climate change, the complexity of the Kyoto Protocol's flexibility mechanisms, the tendency for differentiated responsibilities to encourage self-serving negotiating strategies, and the stalemate between the North and South. The prospects for reviving and energizing the Kyoto process are dim in the wake of the collapse of the climate change talks at COP6 in The Hague in November 2000 and the new Bush administration in Washington. Copyright (c) 2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.