Advanced Diagnostics of Position Sensors for the Actuation Systems of High-Speed Tilting Trains

Trains tilting permits a train to travel at a high speed while maintaining an acceptable passenger ride quality with respect to the lateral acceleration, and the consequent lateral force, received by the passengers when the train travels on a curved track at a speed in excess of the balance speed built into the curve geometry. The tilting of a train carbody is performed by a control and actuation system which operates as a closed servoloop accepting the commands from the train control system, generating the torque necessary to tilt the carbody with respect to the bogie and measuring the tilt angle to close the control loop. Measurement of the tilt angle of each train vehicle is performed by two sensors located in the front and rear part of the vehicle. Since a correct tilt angle measurement is vital for the system operation and for ensuring a safe ride, in case of discrepancy between the signals of the two tilt angle sensors of any vehicle, the tilting operation is disabled and the train speed is reduced. An innovative tilt angle sensors health management system is herein presented that makes intelligent use of all available information to allow detection of malfunctioning of an individual tilt angle sensor, thereby enabling a continued operation of the tilting system and a high speed travel after a sensor failure occurs

Origin and Evolution of a Pragmatic Marker in Catalan : the Case of "Tanmateix"

This study offers an analysis of the origin and linguistic evolution of a question-tag in Catalan. We look at the evolution of tanmateix according to Cognitive Linguistics and, more in particular, Grammaticalization Theory and Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics. We also review the values and meaning of tanmateix according to Intersubjectivization Theory. The evolution of tanmateix is a case in point: from its original meaning as a noun phrase [calculus] (13th c.) to its value [confirmation] as a pragmatic marker. To study this, we pay attention to theatrical plays, some of the best examples that include colloquial Catalan in the Modern Period (16th-18th c.): in these texts, tanmateix appears as a marker of a confirmation question and answer. Finally, we link our findings to Martínez's study (2018, in press) on the creation and dissemination of an academic linguistic norm and its standardization as an element of linguistic change, and we analyze the validity of this conversational use of tanmateix in some Catalan-speaking regions vs. its main [adversative-concessive] value in standard Catalan.L'estudi que presentem pretén ser una proposta d'anàlisi del procés de gènesi i de canvi lingüístic d'una question-tag en llengua catalana. Examinem l'evolució de tanmateix segons les propostes de Lingüística Cognitiva i, concretament, la Teoria de la Gramaticalització, i les combinem amb els plantejaments de l'Anàlisi del Discurs i de la Pragmàtica. Revisem, així mateix, els valors i els matisos de tanmateix d'acord amb la Teoria de la Intersubjetivació. L'evolució de tanmateix és un cas paradigmàtic: des del paper originari com a un sintagma nominal de [càlcul] (segle XIII) fins al valor de [confirmació] com a marcador pragmàtic. Així, ens centrarem, especialment, en els textos teatrals, probablement un dels tipus textuals que millor il·lustren el català col·loquial de l'edat moderna (segles XVI-XVIII): ací observem com aflora tanmateix com a marcador de pregunta i de resposta confirmatòria. Finalment, lliguem aquesta anàlisi amb la línia d'estudi iniciada en Martínez (2018, en premsa) sobre l'elaboració i la difusió de la norma lingüística acadèmica i la consegüent estandardització com a factor de canvi lingüístic, resseguim la vigència en algunes regions del català d'aquest ús conversacional de tanmateix, davant la priorització en el català estàndard del valor adversativoconcessiu

About a new suggested interpretation of special theory of relativity within a three-dimensional Euclid space

An  interpretation  of  special  theory  of  relativity  is  proposed,  in  which  the  fundamental  arena  of  physical processes is an Euclid three-dimensional space where time exists only as a numerical order of  material  changes  and  the  duration  of  material  changes  is  a  proper,  physical  scaling  function  of  the  numerical  order.  This  model  introduces  interesting  perspectives  in  the  study  of  several  phenomena  inside  special  relativity,  such  as  aberration  of  light,  Doppler  effect,  Jupiter’s  satellites  occultation  and  radar  ranging  of  the  planets.Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polski