Evolutionary Analysis of Basic RNase Genes from Rosaceous Species — S-RNase and Non-SRNase Genes

Over the past two and half decades there has been an explosion of progress in a growing number of model self incompatibility (SI) systems on our understanding of the molecular, biochemical and cellular processes underlying the recognition of self pollen and the initiation of a cascade of biochemical and cellular events that prevent self fertilization. These studies are unrevealing the complexity of a trait (SI) whose sole purpose, as far as we know, is to exert a strong influence on the breeding system of plants. Evolutionary interest in floral traits that influence the breeding system and in the forces that shape these traits began with Darwin who devoted one complete book to the subject (Darwin 1876) and significant portions of a second book. The evolution of plant breeding systems is often viewed as the interplay between the advantages and disadvantages of selfing. Evolutionary biologists have long noted that there are three primary advantages to selfing. First, there is an inherent genetic transmission advantage to selfing because a plant donates two haploid sets of chromosomes to each selfed seed and can still donate pollen to conspecifics. Second, selfing can provide reproductive assurance when pollinators are scarce or and third, it often costs less, in terms of energy and other resources, to produce selfed seed (e.g. fewer resources are expended to attract and reward pollinators. Some major questions remain unanswered concerning the evolution of stylar SRNases. Most pressing is the apparent disparity in patterns of diversification seen in the Solanaceae and Plantaginaceae relative to what is observed in the Rosaceae. Thus, we reviewing current publication regarding the evolutionary analysis basic RNases towards comprehensive view

Wild almond (Prunus scoparia L.) as potential oilseed resource for the future: Studies on the variability of its oil content and composition

Wild almond genetic resources have still not received considerable attention for oil chemical compositions and uses. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of variation in oil content and fatty acid composition in forty Iranian accessions of Prunus scoparia L. (Spach) to identify genotypes with desirable traits in terms of oil quantity, quality and industrial utilization. Oil parameters and indices were measured, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis was carried out by gas liquid chromatography. Oleic and linoleic fatty acids showed high variability among accessions, ranging from 232.4 to 359.6 g/kg oil and from 190.7 to 348.8 g/kg oil, respectively. Total unsaturated fatty acid fraction was higher than total saturated fatty acid. The ranges of saponification number (199.2-202.1), iodine value (104.8-125.7 kg I2/kg) and cetane number (43.8-48.8), confirmed that the oils have industrial potentialities. Results could contribute to select wild almond genotypes as genetic sources for oil production

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationships among and within species of Phalaenopsis (Epidendroideae: Orchidaceae) based on RAPD analysis

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for 20 species of Phalaenopsis was conducted to determine their genetic distances and relationships. Among 20 different primers used for RAPD analysis, 10 primers showed polymorphism, and according to the primer type, 26 to 54 DNA fragments were amplified. A total of 414 polymorphic fragments were generated by 10 primers and used for correlation group analysis. The highest value of Similarity index was 0.28 between Ph. violacea malaysia and Ph. violacea witte. The dendrogram resulting from UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic average) hierarchical cluster analysis separated the original species into three groups: The first group had five species of Ph. violacea blue, Ph. belina, Ph. violacea malaysia, Ph. violacea witte, and Ph. gigantea; the second group included Ph. lamelligera, Ph. amabilis, Ph. parishii, Ph. labbi nepal, Ph. speciosa, Ph. lobbi yellow, Ph. venosa, Ph. hieroglyphica, and Ph. maculata; the third group consisted of Ph. minho princess, Ph. leopard prince, Ph. mannii, Ph. modesta, Ph. cornucervi and Ph. pantherina. RAPD markers can thus be successfully applied in this economically important group of orchids for the study of molecular characterization and relationships. The data acquired from this study could be used for identification and classification of other orchid genera and oriental Phalaenopsis

MicroRNA expression patterns unveil differential expression of conserved miRNAs and target genes against abiotic stress in safflower.

Environmental stresses influence the growth and development of plants by influencing patterns of gene expression. Different regulators control gene expression, including transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs: ~21 nucleotides long) are encoded by miRNA genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNP-II) and play key roles in plant development and physiology. There is little knowledge currently available on miRNAs and their function in response to environmental stresses in safflower. To obtain more information on safflower miRNAs, we initially used a comparative genomics approach and succeeded in identifying 126 miRNAs belonging to 29 conserved families, along with their target genes. In this study, we investigated the expression profiles of seven conserved miRNAs related to drought, salinity, heat, and Cd stress in the leaf and root organs using qRT-PCR, for the first time. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis found that target genes of miRNAs are often TFs such as AP2/ERF and HD-ZIP as well as NAC domain-containing proteins. Expression analyses confirmed that miRNAs can play a vital role in keeping safflower stress-tolerant. Differential expression of miR156, miR162, miR164, miR166, miR172, miR398, and miR408 regulate the expression of their respective target genes. These genes activate several pathways leading to physiological and biochemical responses to abiotic stresses. Some conserved miRNAs were regulated by abiotic stresses. Our finding provides valuable information to understand miRNAs in relation to different abiotic stresses in safflower

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA ACCESSIONS

POLAT, MEHMET/0000-0002-2415-4229WOS: 000496718200007The aim of this study is to determine genetic diversity within Prunus angustifolia and also to investigate its phylogenetic relationship with Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus laurocerasus and Prunus mahaleb. Totally 50 SSRs markers were used to elucidate the genetic variation among 32 P. angustifolia var. angustifolia genotypes selected in Northeastern Turkey. the cross-species transportability of used 50 SSRs was 80% indicating a high degree of homology between P. angustifolia and the other Prunus species. the genetic distance between P. angustifolia var. angustifolia genotypes belonging to a particular geographic site was lower than that between genotypes of different geographic origins. Cluster analysis in general differentiated P. angustifolia var. angustifolia genotypes according to their geographic sites and separated them from the other Prunus species. P. angustifolia was found closer to P. mahaleb and P. cerasus. the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that genetic variation among individuals within populations was much higher than among Prunus groups and among P. angustifolia var. angustifolia populations of different geographic sites

Chemical Composition of Seed Propagated Chestnut Genotypes from Northeastern Turkey

Bozhuyuk, Mehmet Ramazan/0000-0001-5021-6019; Akbulut, Mustafa/0000-0003-1028-162XWOS: 000411504400015Turkey ranked third place in the world for chestnut production after China and Bolivia and the country has unique chestnut populations including valuable and diverse seed propagated chestnut genotypes. in this study, chestnuts (Castanea sativa) were collected during the 2016 harvest season from Northeastern part of Turkey from promising 12 different seedling origin genotypes. Tree growth habit, nut weight, kernel ratio, kernel color, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, dietary fiber, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and fatty acid content of fruits belongs to 12 genotypes were determined. the results showed that, the majority of genotypes had semi upright tree growth habit. the nut weight and kernel ratio were between 5.05 g (K-10) and 10.10 g (K-5) and 71.10% (K-1) and 82.44% (K-3) among genotypes. the total crude fat content ranged from 0.87% (K-7) to 2.61% (K-1) while the crude protein ranged from 4.80% (K-7) to 7.65% (K-1). the dietary fiber content made up no more than 3.61% of the remaining portion of the kernel. It was found that total polyphenols was between 1.66 and 2.70 g GAE/ kg and antioxidant activity was between 5.80 and 9.07 mu mol Trolox equivalent/ g dry weight basis. Oleic and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids in all chestnut fruits and followed by palmitic and linolenic acid. the results showed that there was enough variations among seed propagated chestnut genotypes for most of the searched parameters and this highlights the importance of conserving the genotypes, as their high levels of heterogeneity allow them to respond to abiotic and biotic stresses and adapt to low-input farming systems

Application of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLPs) analysis to plant breeding and genetics: Procedures, applications and prospects

8 páginas.In the past century, various methods have been developed for the identification and characterization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms at DNA level. One of these promising methods is the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. This method combines universal applicability with high powers of discrimination and reproducibility. Total genomic DNA is digested using two restriction enzymes. Double-stranded nucleotide adapters are ligated to the DNA fragments to serve as primer binding sites for PCR amplification. Primers complementary to the adapter and restriction site sequence, with additional nucleotides at the 3´-end, are used as selective agents to amplify a subset of ligated fragments. Polymorphisms are identified by the presence or absence of DNA fragments following analysis on polyacrylamide gels. An increasing number of reports describe the use of AFLP analysis for molecular characterization, phylogenetic studies, disease diagnostics, high-resolution genetic maps and positional cloning of genes of interest. This review describes the principles, advantages and disadvantages of AFLP analysis, summarizing its applications in different plant fields and the novel applications in the molecular analysis of plant DNA.Peer reviewe