Identification and mapping of a new apple scab resistance gene

Here we report the identification of a new resistance gene (Vd3) against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) from the apple selection 1980-015-25 of the breeding program at Plant Research International. This accession also contains the Vf gene. We mapped Vd3, using SSR and DArT markers, on linkage group 1, at a distance of 6 cM from Vf gene, but in repulsion phase to Vf. Based on pedigree analysis and resistance tests, it could be deduced that 1980-015-25 had inherited Vd3 from the founder D3. This gene provides resistance to the highly virulent EU-NL-24 strain of the race 7 of V. inaequalis. This strain has overcome the resistance from both Vf and Vg. However, Vd3 has been not effective against the majority of other V. inaequalis strains we used in our disease test

Identification and mapping of the novel apple scab resistance gene Vd3

Apple scab, caused by the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, is one of the most devastating diseases for the apple growing in temperate zones with humid springs and summers. Breeding programs around the world have been able to identify several sources of resistance, the Vf from Malus floribunda 821 being the most frequently used. The appearance of two new races of V. inaequalis (races 6 and 7) in several European countries that are able to overcome the resistance of the Vf gene put in evidence the necessity of the combination of different resistance genes in the same genotype (pyramiding). Here, we report the identification and mapping of a new apple scab resistance gene (Vd3) from the resistant selection “1980-015-25” of the apple breeding program at Plant Research International, The Netherlands. This selection contains also the Vf gene and the novel V25 gene for apple scab resistance. We mapped Vd3 on linkage group 1, 1 cM to the south of Vf in repulsion phase to it. Based on pedigree analysis and resistance tests, it could be deduced that 1980-015-25 had inherited Vd3 from the founder “D3.” This gene provides resistance to the highly virulent EU-NL-24 strain of race 7 of V. inaequalis capable of overcoming the resistance from Vf and Vg

Developmental Dyslexia in Spain

Spanish‐speaking children learn to read words written in a relatively transparent orthography. Variations in orthographic transparency may shape the manifestation of developmental dyslexia. In Spanish, as in other transparent orthographies, reading speed/fluency seems to be more evident and relevant than accuracy problems. In addition, the prevalence of dyslexia is much lower in Spanish than in less consistent or less transparent orthographies. Spanish students with developmental dyslexia have numerous lags in several cognitive (e.g., phonological awareness, rapid naming, verbal and visual‐spatial working memory, and executive functioning), academic (e.g., pseudoword reading, spelling, and vocabulary), and emotional (e.g., reading self‐concept, engagement, and reading motivation) areas. Intervention programs developed with Spanish children with dyslexia have ranged from phonological‐based programs to fluency‐based programs, with and without a computer

Multi-Choice Total Clan Games: Characterizations and Solution Concepts

This paper deals with a new class of multi-choice games, the class of multi- choice total clan games. The structure of the core of a multi-choice clan game is explicitly described. Furthermore, characterizations of multi-choice total clan games are given and bi-monotonic allocation schemes related to players' levels are introduced for such games. It turns out that some elements in the core of a multi- choice total clan game are extendable to such bi-monotonic allocation schemes via suitable compensation-sharing rules on the domain of multi-choice (total) clan games.Multi-choice games;Clan games;Monotonic allocation schemes

Egalitarianism in Multi-Choice Games

In this paper we introduce the equal division core for arbitrary multi-choice games and the constrained egalitarian solution for con- vex multi-choice games, using a multi-choice version of the Dutta-Ray algorithm for traditional convex games. These egalitarian solutions for multi-choice games have similar properties as their counterparts for traditional cooperative games. On the class of convex multi-choice games, we axiomatically characterize the constrained egalitarian solu- tion.Multi-choice games;Convex games;Equal division core;Constrained egalitarian solution

A Technical Note on Lorenz Dominance in Cooperative Games

AMS classification: 91A12Cooperative games;Lorenz dominance;egalitarianism;con- strained egalitarian solution;equal split-off set

El fin de la yihad en Irak y sus repercusiones a ambos lados del Atlántico

¿Qué repercusiones tendrá para la seguridad internacional la “desactivación” de la yihad en Irak y el previsible movimiento de terroristas hacia otros escenarios internacionales? La creciente estabilización de Irak, el cambio de Administración estadounidense y el anuncio de la próxima retirada de Irak del grueso de su contingente militar supondrán la desactivación de Irak como factor de transformación y movilización del movimiento yihadista y el cierre de un ciclo que tendrá repercusiones en la evolución de la amenaza terrorista. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las causas que explican la “desactivación” de la yihad iraquí, y cuál es la previsible evolución de la amenaza yihadista, recurriendo para ello a una serie de analogías históricas. El previsible éxodo de terroristas yihadistas desde Irak hacia otros escenarios supondrá un agravamiento de la amenaza terrorista en algunas regiones, especialmente para el eje afgano-paquistaní, los “Estados fallidos” del mundo musulmán, y para los países del continente europeo

¿Qué nos dice la propaganda yihadista sobre las revueltas del Norte de África?

Este ARI estudia la visión de los grupos yihadistas sobre la crisis política en el Norte de África y cuáles son las fortalezas y debilidades que se pueden deducir a partir de la acción propagandística de estas organizaciones. El comportamiento de los grupos yihadistas ante las revueltas en el Norte de África, especialmente el contenido y la forma de distribución de sus comunicados propagandísticos, nos aportan una valiosa información sobre estas organizaciones y redes terroristas. Al-Qaeda ha demostrado que se encuentra en una situación de creciente aislamiento debido a su incapacidad para difundir los mensajes de sus líderes en un plazo de tiempo razonable. Esto ha provocado un cierta desorientación entre su base de apoyo de Internet. La respuesta del resto de organizaciones yihadistas a esta crisis no sólo no ha sido monolítica, sino que ha evidenciado una considerable disparidad de agendas y estrategias. El origen y desarrollo escasamente violento de estos acontecimientos puede debilitar la argumentación del discurso yihadista, aunque el vacío de poder crea unas condiciones idóneas para que los grupos terroristas recobren impulso y ganen protagonismo